Changing cities Flashcards
What are the effects of Urbanisation in emerging countries
- shanty towns develop
- gap between rich and poor increases
- air noise and water polution increase
- investment increases
What are the causes of Urbanisation in developed countries
industrialisation- more factory jobs
What are the causes of urbanisation in developing/emerging countries
- rural to urban for a better quality of life
- natural increase- birth rates are higher than death
Why does population density vary in the UK
- In the north its lower as there are fewer major cities and the land makes it harder to build on
- cooler climates and more extreme weather so less people live there
- location on ports- provides industry and employment
Describe the general trends in Population distribution
- lower in the north higher in south
- London has 5000 people per km2
describe the city structure on Birmingham
- CBD- shops, offices, Bull ring shopping
- Inner City- redeveloped in the 70s terraces and blocks of flats
- Sub-urbs- built in 1930s - semi detached less dense
- Green belt- fewer+ recently built detached, out of town shopping
Describe the phases that change a city
urbanisation-
suburbanisation- new housing and semis
counter urbanisation- redevelopment built in inner city, people forced out
re-urbanisation- moderation of new apartments
describe the causes of national migration in birmingham
- people moving to retirement down south
- people moving in for employment in CBD
describe strategies used by birmingham to improve sustainability
- encouraging people to use public transport to save 379 tonnes of CO2 a year
- reduce waste to landfill
describe the causes of international migration into Birmingham
- fled from countries such as Syria from conflict
- empolyment shortages
what are the impacts of migration on birmingham
- younger population- search of work
- multiculturalism- 42% non white
- ethnic communities- more places of worship
- housing increases demand rising by extra 5000
- pressure on services eg GPs
factors causing deindustrialisation in birmingham
- increases imports from foreign countries
- 1970s ring road built so inner city developed factories demolished for road
- old factories demolishes for housing
- slow adoption of new technology
what are the reasons for economic change in birmingham
- decline in manufacturing industry
- lack of investment
describe differences in the quality of life in birmingham
- some migrants dont have skills for work
- increasing population density pressure on NHS
- services cant keep up with demand eg schools
- investment low in inner city due to limited funds
describe the changes in retailing in birmingham
- decline in CBD- so bullring was built in 2003
- new out of town shopping
- online shopping easier
describe the impacts of decentralisation
- Merry Hill shopping centre caused 12% decline in CBD
- Merry hill resulted in redevelopment of brownfield sites
- caused the build of the Bullring in birmingham to increase trade
How has Birmingham improved city living
with more affordable housing for residents
- 1576 houses built across the city
- Kings Norton
how has employment and education been improved to better city living in birmingham
- youth unemployment has reduced from 12%-9% due to the youth promise pledge
- Birmingham education partnership works closely with schools to recruit teachers (17 teaching schools in Brum)
Describe the site and situation of Mumbai
- western coast of Maharashtra, India
- well connected rail and 3 airports
- 21 million people
- 10% of factory work and 40% of trade occurs here
- National/global importance- bank of india, bollywood, bombay stock exchange
describe the city structure and function of Mumbai
CBD- office blocks skyrise, financial hub
Inner city- mostly slums, dharavi
Sub-urbs- middle class housing
Rural urban fringe- clean living away from city new towns built such as Navi
What are the effects of rapid urbanisation in Mumbai
- housing shortage+ more squatter settlements
- under employment- informal economy $1 billion
- pollution increases toxic smoke and waste
- pressure on services
Describe some Bottom up schemes to tackle problems in mumbai
site and service- locals given materials to improve housing
-SPARC- provides permanent housing and toilets
Describe some Top Down schemes to tackle problems in mumbai
- 7 year plan invested $2 billion to make 14 high rise apartments
+advantage improved services
-loss of community so didnt work
Push factors of rural to urban migration in Mumbai
- education and health are lower in rural only 35% of Bihar go to school
- 55% of bihar are below poverty line
- 58% of houses have electricity
- green revolution reduced farm work
- only 6000 rupees a year
Pull factors of rural to urban migration in Mumbai
- 3 universities
- better infrastructure
- 30,000 rupees income
- access to healthcare
what are the causes of rapid population growth in mumbai/ india
- high birth rate lower death rate
- contraception not widely available
- economic investment and growth- construction of factories more employment
Give some evidence for increased inequality in mumbai
28/100 Indian billionaires live in mumbai
dharavi slum home to 6 million
home to worlds most expensive house
