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Global development Flashcards

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1
Q

Economic development

A
  • An increase in a country’s wealth
  • Could be an increase in number of people working in secondary sector and a decrease in number of people working in primary sector
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2
Q

Social development

A
  • A number of changes that have a direct impact on the population’s quality of life
  • This could include improved level of literacy through greater access to education, better housing conditions and more doctors.
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3
Q

Cultural development

A

-This could involve better equality for women and better race relations.

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4
Q

Political development

A

-Freedom for the people to have a greater say in who governs their country.

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5
Q

Different factors contribute to the human development of a

country: economic

A
  • The move from primary to secondary to tertiary sector employment for the majority of the population.
  • An increase in income and GDP for the country.
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6
Q

Different factors contribute to the human development of a
country:
social,

A

-Society moves towards a more equal distribution of wealth, with all children attending school and improvements in healthcare and living conditions.

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7
Q

Different factors contribute to the human development of a

country: technological

A

-More machines are used by society, both in the work environment such as on farms and the buildings of factories, and in a domestic situation.

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8
Q

Different factors contribute to the human development of a

country: cultural

A

-Women’s place in society is moving towards equality with men; for instance, they are given the right to vote for the government.

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9
Q

Different factors contribute to the human development of a

country: food and water security.

A
  • The country moves towards either being able to produce its own food or have the means to trade for food.
  • The majority of its population have fresh piped water to their homes.
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10
Q

Gross domestic product (GDP)

A
  • The value of all the goods and services produced in a country during a year, in US dollars.
  • Per capita means that the figure is divided by the umber of people who live in the country to give an average per person.
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11
Q

Human development index (HDI)

A
  • This is a comparative measure of different aspects of life between countries.
  • The measures used are life expectancy, education and standards of living
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12
Q

Measures of inequality

A

-These are ways of measuring how equal people are within a country or between countries.This is often a measure of the wealth and healthcare of a country or between countries.

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13
Q

Corruption perception index

A
  • This is the perceived corruption in governments and the public sector.
  • It is a perception because corruption is hidden and therefore difficult to measure.
  • It means that government officials are using development for their own betterment rather than the betterment of the country.
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14
Q

Unevenness in salary within the UK

A
  • In 2012 the average gross weekly earnings of males and females in full time employment in London as over 650 pounds
  • In places such as north east of England it was under 475 pounds
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15
Q

HDI around the world (2013)

A

Highest:

  • Norway
  • Switzerland
  • Australia

Lowest

  • Central Africa
  • Congo
  • Niger
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16
Q

GDP around the world (2013)

A

Wealthiest:

  • Norway
  • Qatar
  • Switzerland

Poorest:

  • Malawi
  • Burundi
  • Central Africa
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17
Q

Physical factors that have led to spatial variations in the level of development globally:
Climate:

A
  • Countries that have average rainfall and moderate temperatures are able to support their population with the food they produce.
  • Countries which have droughts mean crops die ans people dont have enough to eat and certain disease are prevalent in hot countries.
  • These can make people unable to work
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18
Q

Physical factors that have led to spatial variations in the level of development globally:
Landlocked countries

A
  • Countries that do not have access to a coastline find it difficult to trade their goods
  • They have to rely on the goodwill of their neighbours to allow them to transport their products to the coastline and for them to receive imported goods
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19
Q

Physical factors that have led to spatial variations in the level of development globally:
Natural resources

A
  • Resources such as minerals and fossil fuels allow a country to develop
  • The extraction and sale of these resources ill bring income to the country
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20
Q

Physical factors that have led to spatial variations in the level of development globally:
Natural hazards

A
  • Floods, tectonic activity, droughts and hurricane are more likely to happen in some countries than others
  • Many of the countries that suffer form these hazards are developing as income has to be diverted to help recover from the event on a daily basis
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21
Q

Historic factors that have led to spatial variations in the level of development globally:
Trade

A
  • Many trading partnerships go back to colonial times
  • Countries with good trading partners or countries on trading routes developed faster than countries that did not trade with other countries
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22
Q

Historic factors that have led to spatial variations in the level of development globally:
Politics

A
  • Countries with stable governments developed more quickly
  • If a country is at war, their income is spent on military equipment rather than on development
  • Also development can be halted if a country is corrupt as the money many be spent on an affluent lifestyle for the elite group of people who rule the country
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23
Q

Historic factors that have led to spatial variations in the level of development globally:
Colonies

A
  • Colonies supplied food and resources to the counrty that owned them
  • This hindered the development of the colony but aided the development of the mother country
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24
Q

Economic factors that have led to spatial variations in the level of development globally:
World trade

A
  • The developing countries sell primary products to the developed countries
  • Manufactured goods are worth more than primary products so the developed country earns more from their trade than developing countries
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25
Q

Economic factors that have led to spatial variations in the level of development globally:
Infrasturcture

A

-Developed countries have better infrastructure and therefore companies want to invest in them as they know their products will be produce and transported quickly

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26
Q

Economic factors that have led to spatial variations in the level of development globally:
Foreign investment

A

-This can help a country develop as t brings money to the country

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27
Q

Physical factors that have led to spatial variations in the level of development in the UK:

A

Relief: the south of the UK is flatter; this aids development as urban areas can be easily built upon.

Climate: the south and east have better climate and less average rainfall than rest of UK which make it more pleasant place to live.

Position: south and east of the UK are closer to the communication links to Europe. This makes companies want to locate in this area

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28
Q

Historical factors that have led to spatial variations in the level of development in the UK

A

Politics: the seat of government is in London, in the south east. This made it a highly desirable location for business in the past as they were close to wear decisions were being made and found out about them quickly

Colonies: although ships sailed for colonies from ports on the west of the UK, all the decisions were made in London

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29
Q

Economic factors that have led to spatial variations in the level of development in the UK

A

Infrastructure: the infrastructure in London is the best in the uk. All roads lead to the centre of London. Companies who located there would be able o trade with the rest of the country easily.

Foreign investment: most foreign investment in the UK is in london

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30
Q

Impact of uneven development on the quality of life:

access to housing

A
  • In developing countries a large percentage of the population live in poor-quality houses without running water or sanitation
  • In developed countries people lie in houses with fresh water supply and sanitation
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31
Q

Impact of uneven development on the quality of life:

health

A
  • The lower the development levels in a country higher the number of people per doctor
  • As the country develops the numbers of doctors increases because of the increasing levels of education
32
Q

Impact of uneven development on the quality of life:

education

A
  • Literacy rates relate directly to the level of development in a country.
  • The lower the GDP of a country the lower the country’s literacy rate
33
Q

Impact of uneven development on the quality of life:

employment

A
  • In developed countries the majority of the population work in primary industry
  • In developed countries most of the population work in the tertiary and Quaternary industry
34
Q

Impact of uneven development on the quality of life:

technology

A

-As the country becomes more developed the level of technology in the country improves

35
Q

Impact of uneven development on the quality of life:

food and water security

A
  • As a country develops t food and water supply becomes more secure
  • This is because it has the technology to improve agricultural production and to provide water supplies
  • It also has the wealth to buy in food if it cannot produce enough itself
36
Q

Intergovernmental agreements:

A

-These are agreements between developed world nations to work together to provide aid for developing countries

37
Q

International aid

A

Bilateral aid - aid given from one government to another government usually with attached conditions

Multilateral aid - developed countries give money to international organisations such as world bank or UN who then redistribute the money to poorer countries

Voluntary aid - charity organisation

38
Q

Advantages of top down schemes

A
  • The country will develop more quickly because for the size of the project
  • The scheme is run by govermnet so its ore likely to meet its development objectives
  • It is a way of helping the large urban populations of a country
  • In some cases, eg large HEP schemes it is the only way to raise the capital because of the size pf the project
39
Q

Disadvantages of top down projects

A
  • The county will go into debt
  • Sometimes the debt may have conditions attached to it that means the country is under external influence for many years
  • The end product is usually expensive to maintain
  • Much of building work is done by machines r foreign companies, so no local jobs are created
  • Locals have o say and often lose their land
40
Q

Example of a top down project

A

3 Gorges dam in China has had a major impact on development of SW China
-Improved trade, allowing container ships further down the river
-controls flooding so agricultural production has improved
-Provides clean cheap electricity to thousand of people
HOWEVER
-1.4 million people moved from ancestral homes, cost $22 billion and led to extinction of Yangtze river dolphin

41
Q

Advantages of bottom up projects

A
  • Scheme is run by locals so likely to achieve its development objectives
  • Way of helping rural poor
  • Appropriate technology is used
  • End product is cheap to maintain
  • Local people decide what happens t their community
42
Q

Disadvantages of bottom up projects

A
  • It does not help majority of population who live in urban areas
  • Country will develop more slowly because of the size of project
43
Q

Example of bottom up projects

A

Micro- hydro projects

44
Q

Location and position of Tanzania

A

Tanzania is in Eastern Africa

-It has borders with Kenya in the north, Rwanda to the west and Mozambique to the south

45
Q

Political context

A

DONT DO THIS

46
Q

Social context

A

DONT DO THIS

47
Q

Cultural context

A

DONT DO THIS

48
Q

Environmental context

A
  • Tanzania is the 13th largest country in Africa

- +

49
Q

Why does development take place at different rates in Tanzania?

A
  • The development of Tanzania has not been even across the country.
  • In the case of Tanzania, the fastest rates of development have taken place around Dar es Salam, which used to be the capital city and is still in the main port.
  • People can get employment in industries related to the port
  • In other parts of the country people rely on agriculture to earn their living.
50
Q

Positive impacts of changes to the primary sector

A
  • Aid has been given to farming communities to try to introduce irrigation techniques which use appropriate technology. This should improve crop production to aid development.
  • Mining of natural resources has brought much needed foreign investment into the country.
  • The recent discovery of gas and oil will also help to provide much needed foreign foreign investment in the future.
51
Q

Negative impacts of changes to the primary sector

A
  • The agricultural sector’s methods are out of date. For example, Tanzania uses an average of 9kg of fertiliser per hectare whereas Malawi, at a similar stage of development uses 27kg
  • The sector is still dependant on the weather; dry years mean low crop yields
  • Agriculture as a share of GDP fell from 29% in 2001 to 24% in 2010
  • Improving productivity in this sector is crucial to the development of the country
52
Q

Positive impacts of changes to the secondary sector

A
  • This sectors share of GDP increased from 18% in 2001 to 22% in 2012
  • This will provide extra money for the economy
53
Q

Negative impacts of changes to the secondary sector

A
  • Manufacturing’s share of GDP is fairly constant with a slow growth rate. It is concentrated on a few goods that are of low value. Only 5% of employed people work in this sector.
  • This sector needs to develop the production of other goods through foreign investment to provide employment for people who are low on skills
54
Q

Positive impacts of changes to the tertiary sector

A
  • The sector continues to grow with the development of a small middle class.
  • With more people in higher paid jobs, the country will receive more taxes to help it develop
  • There has been a growth in employment in education with the expansion of primary school education to all children
  • There has also been an increase in healthcare workers, proving employment for people who acquire the skills
55
Q

Negative impacts of changes to the tertiary sector

A
  • If the country is to develop, the service sector needs to continue to grow
  • Many of the jobs in the tertiary sector require a level of skill that can only be acquired through increased access to education
56
Q

Positive impacts of changes to the quaternary sector

A

The communications and financial services sector are the fastest growing in the economy, with growth rates of 15% between 2003 and 2012

57
Q

Negative impacts of changes to the quaternary sector

A

This sector requires a highly skilled workforce which requires a high wages. It does not provide employment for the low skilled Tanzanian workforce. Its impact on the overall reduction of poverty is low.

58
Q

International trade

A
  • In 2012, its top three export trade partners were Switzerland, China and South africa with exports worth $5.5 billion
  • Imports totalled $11.7 billion, main import trade partners are Switzerland, China and UAE
  • This meant the country has a negative balance of trade as its imports cost more than its exports
59
Q

International aid

A
  • Tanzania is the second largest aid recipient in Sub Saharan Africa, after Ethiopia.
  • The main donors of aid to Tanzania are USA and UK
  • Aid has been given to support the general budget of the country but also to fund education, health care provision, water supply and sanitation
60
Q

Changing balance between public and private investment

A
  • Over the past 30 years, Tanzania has changed from a socialist to a market driven economy
  • The government still owns some of the telecommunications, banking, energy and mining companies but it has encouraged foreign private investment in these areas
  • All land in Tanzania is owned by the government and people can rent it for 99 years
  • Foreign investors would like to buy land but the government is reluctant to sell due to the natural resources that lie underground
61
Q

Changes in population structure that have occurred in the last 30 years

A
  • The total population was over 51 million in 2015
  • A large proportion of the population, around half, are under the age of 15
  • This is a large increase in the last 30 years due to the high birth rate
62
Q

Changes in life expectancy that have occurred in the last 30 years

A
  • Life expectancy is improving but it is still relatively low
  • In 1985 it was 51 years and in 2015 it was 63
  • Malaria and diarrhoea are still some of the main reasons for death in the county among children, although the death care is declining due to an improvement in healthcare financed by donor countries
63
Q

Changing social factors:

increased inequality

A
  • The economy of Tanzania is growing but the growth is driven by an increase in productivity, not employment.
  • Therefore a large and increasing number of people are unemployed or underemployed and failing to improve their lives
  • Many young people are moving to urban areas but cannot find work; they have to work in the informal sector instead, which means they are still living below the poverty line
64
Q

Changing social factors:

growing middle class

A
  • In urban areas in Tanzania, a small but growing middle class is developing
  • Approximately 10% of the population, this group is going both in size and in its demands
  • They have a lot of political influence and are demanding things such as imported goods, cheaper electricity and better urban services and infrastructure
  • The government is trying to meet these demands as they do not want these affluent people leaving the country, however, a strengthening middle class can lead to greater inequality in Tanzanian society
65
Q

Changing social factors:

improved education

A
  • Primary education in Tanzania is compulsory but attendance rates are approximately 80% because it is very difficult to enforce school attendance in rural areas
  • In 1988 it was around 60 and in 2015 70
66
Q

How geopolitical relationships with other countries affect the chosen country’s development:
foreign policy and military pacts

A
  • Tanzania has never suffered from a civil war but it has become involved in other countries’ disputes through foreign policy decisions that, on some occasions, have been costly
  • Eg; the Anti-Amin forces in Uganda in 1978 cost the country approximately $500 million
  • In the past Tanzania has hosted refugees from neighbouring countries. This can be a very costly endeavour if the country pays fr refugee camps itself; Tanzania has had help from UN
  • Tanzania has always had good relationships with its neighbours; it has economy pacts with Uganda and Kenya and is part of the Southern African Development Community
67
Q

How geopolitical relationships with other countries affect the chosen country’s development:
defence

A
  • The country has a small army, navy and air force
  • There are 25,000 regular personnel and 80,000 reserves
  • Their main work is to be part of UN’s peace keeping mission in countries such as Lebanon and Sudan
  • Tanzania ha a national service but its only compulsory for people who want to work in government jobs or go to university and lasts anything upto 2 years
68
Q

How geopolitical relationships with other countries affect the chosen country’s development:
territorial disputes

A
  • Tanzania has always been on good terms with its neighbours; however there is an ongoing dispute with Malawi over the ownership of Lake Nyasa
  • According to Malawi the lake was given to Malawi in the 1980 Heligoland- Zanizabar between Germany and the UK
  • Tanzania argues that the boundary between the two countries is in the middle of the lake. This means Tanzania owns one half and Malawi owns the other half
69
Q

How does technology and connectivity support development in Tanzania and for different groups
of people in the country?

A
  • The government of Tanzania has invested money to produce an ICT network for the whole country
  • It will provide the necessary fibre cables for other network providers such as mobile phone companies and broadband suppliers, to supply people in their homes
  • The network links to the cables come up from the sea bed in Dar Es Salaam
  • Mobile usage in Tanzania has increased greatly over the last decade with nearly 60% of the population having mobile phones
  • The use of internet generally is lower, with 10% of the population connected, but the government sees connectivity as one of the main drivers of development and is ensuring that the infrastructure is in place
70
Q

Positive social impacts of rapid development

A
  • Improvement in life expectancy
  • Improvements in supply of fresh drinking water and sanitation; 62% of population now have supplied water and sanitation
  • All children have access to primary schools and attendance is over 80%
71
Q

Negative social impacts of rapid development

A
  • In 2012, 28% of the population still lived below the poverty line
  • Because of raid expansions in schools, teaching standards are low; 60% of students failed secondary school leavers exams in 2012
  • Healthcare is still poor with approximately 40% of the jobs not filled because of a lack of healthcare professionals in the country
72
Q

Positive economic impacts of rapid development

A
  • Improvements in GDP for the country
  • Foreign investment in the country is improving
  • Strong banking, financial and telecommunication sectors
73
Q

Negative economic impacts of rapid development

A
  • There is still inequality between regions
  • There is an indication that there is still a large divide between rich and poor.
  • In 2012 the richest 20% accounted for 42% of total consumption whereas the poorest 20% only consumed 7%
74
Q

Positive environmental impacts of rapid development

A
  • Electricity has been introduced to rural areas using bottom up schemes. Deforestation will slow down as less wood is being used for fuel
  • Proper irrigation techniques using appropriate technology will allow the farmers to use their land more efficiently and stop overgrazing
75
Q

Negative environmental impacts of rapid development

A
  • Gold mining causes problem of toxins leaking into water courses
  • Quarries are left as scars on the landscape
  • Deforestation due to rise in population numbers and the use of wood fuel for domestic purposes. Deforestation leads to loss of habitats and biodiversity

geography (7 decks)

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