changing cities Flashcards
What were the trends in urbanisation in past 50 years?
Developing/emerging countries have had the fastest rates of urbanisation.
What are the reasons for urbanisation in developed countries?
- Occurred in 19th century due to the industrial revolution (huge demand for labour in new factories)
- Enclosures act (farmers lost land and jobs and so moved to cities)
- Better facilities and jobs in urban areas
What are the reasons for urbanisation in developing/emerging countries?
- Increase in population
- Jobs in cities
- Natural increase in urban areas (people are of childbearing age)
What are the effects of high rates of urbanisation in developed countries?
- Overcrowded cities
- Transport (busses and trains are full)
- Housing (house prices and rent are increasing all the time)
- Education (no places in schools and long waiting lists)
What are the effects of high rates of urbanisation in developing/emerging countries?
- Unemployment (in Cairo the lack of jobs men that people collect rubbish to make a living)
- Education (not enough places in schools in urban areas)
- Agriculture (old people are left in rural areas and so food supplies drop because they are unable to work on farms)
What are the major urban centres in the UK?
- London
- Yorkshire
- Manchester
What is the national context of Bristol,
Bristol is in the southwest of the UK, in the southeast of the Severn estuary.
What is the regional context of Bristol?
Bristol is in the UK, in the northwest of Europe. It is to the north of France and west of Germany.
What is the global context of Bristol?
Bristol lies east of Canada in North America and west of Russia in Asia.
Describe the site of Bristol
- Bristol is built on the confluence of the River Avon and the River Frome.
- Bristol has seven hills which are formed by the valleys of the two rivers and their tributaries.
- Bristol is a hilly plateau
Describe the situation of Bristol
- Bristol is to the southwest of the Cotswold hills and north of the Mendip hills
- M4 is to the north of city and the M5 is to the west
- Bath is 20km to the southeast, Exeter is 100 km to the southwest and london is 150 km east.
Describe the connectivity of bristol
- Bristol has excellent railway links with the rest of the uk with 2 major train stations
- It has 2 motorways; the M4 going east to west and thee M5 going north to south
- Planes fly to 112 countries from the international airport
What is the function and building age of the CBD?
Bristol
- The CBD contains the most important shops, businesses and entertainment facilities
- Contains important public buildings; city museum and council offices
- Mostly rebuilt after ww2
- Broadmead shopping centre was built in the 1950s to replace bombed buildings
What is the function and building age of the inner city?
Bristol
- The main function is residential and small light industry
- Most housing built between 1850-1914
- The terraced houses were built for thee workers so they could live close to their place of work
- The big houses were built along access roads (A4) tto impress visitors
- Some big houses have been conerted for small business uses
What is the function and building age of the inner suburbs?
Bristol
- Built between 1920 and 1940 between the two wws
- Semi detached & detached housing (majority owner occupied housing)
- Large social housing estates,parks,schools and hospitals
- Grew when transport provision increasing so people can go to work & people became wealthier and wanted bigger houses
What is the function and building age of the outer suburbs?
Bristol
- Built from 1960s onwards
- larger detached housing (cheaper)
- Desirable area away from noise and pollution of cbd
- In 70s housing estates built to cope with number of people wanting to line in city
What is the function and building age of the rural urban fringe?
Bristol
-Provides additional housing for growing city and shops for residents
Green belt land
An area of of farmland/recreational land around a city. There are strict controls on the development of this land;its purpose is to control the growth of cities.
Natural increase
- The difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country or place.
- calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate.
Urbanisation
The increase in the number of people living in towns and cities compared to the number of people living in the countryside
Suburbanisation
The growth of a town or city in the surrounding countryside,which usually joins it to villages on its outskirts, making one large built up area
Counter-urbanisation
The movement of people from cities to countryside areas.
Re-urbanisation
The movement of people back into urban areas, usually after a city has been modernised
Bristol started to urbanise
[urbanisation]
when it developed as a trading settlement in the 14th century as goods came to the uk through the port of bristol
Bristol expanded in the late 18th century into
[suburbanisation]
the Clifton area when rich merchants built houses there to be further from the docks. The suburbs began to grow in the inter war period with houses being built in places like Brislington
Counter urbanisation saw a decline in
Bristols population in the later half of the 20th century
Re urbanisation has seen the development of many new
housing estates and small towns built on the edge of the city from the 1980s onwards such as Bradley Stoke in north of Bristol
Causes of national and international migration in UK
push: -Natural hazards -War and conflict [lack of safety] -High crime rates pull: -Political stability -Better job opportunities -More attractive quality of life
Impacts of national and international migration
- Younger age structure
- More diverse
- Strain on services
- Overcrowding
Deindustrialisation
The reduction of industrial activity in an area
Globalisation
The way that companies, ideas and lifestyles are spread around the area
Decentralisation
The process of spreading or dispersing power or people away from the central authority
Causes of deindustrialisation (globalisation) .
The growing economic interdependency of countries worldwide, enabling companies to decentralize & causing deindutrialistion of cities
Causes of deindustrialisation (technological advances)
Firms can have branches all over the world as they can keep in touch with each other via the internet
Causes of deindustrialisation (decentralisation)
Many firm now have part of their production process in different parts of the world. Eg. imperial tobacco still has its HQ in Bristol but its products are manufactured in other countries
Causes of deindustrialisation (developments in transportation)
- Goods can be moved around the world quickly and easily
- Development of aircrafts, containers & efficient motorways
- M&S products are made cheaply in Portugal and then transported to UK by orry on the European motorway
How is economic change increasing inequality in the city and the differences in quality of life?
Many people who worked in industries that have now closed have not been able to find new employment, causing inequality & a decline in quality of life for residents
Recent changes in retailing and their impact on the chosen UK
city: decline in the CBD
- Many businesses moving out of the district
- Bristol council rented land in CBD to development companies who made shopping centres such Cabot circus
Recent changes in retailing and their impact on the chosen UK
city: growth of edge- and out-of-town shopping
Bristol has large shopping centres such as Cribbs Causeway
Recent changes in retailing and their impact on the chosen UK
city: increasing popularity of internet shopping
Internet shopping trend has taken some trade away from shops in CBD
The range of possible strategies aimed at making urban living
more sustainable and improving quality of life:
recycling
- Many recycling centres
- Council provides homeowners with kerbside recycling
- New waste treatment plant
The range of possible strategies aimed at making urban living more sustainable and improving quality of life:
employment
Council attracting companies to the city
The range of possible strategies aimed at making urban living more sustainable and improving quality of life :
education and health
- Councils 20:20 plan improving education standards and healthcare
- Council is funding projects on health eating in schools
National context of Sao Paulo
-In the SE of Brazil in South America
Regional context of Sao Paulo
-Sao Paulo is in the centre east of Brazil with Paraguay to the west
Global context of Sao Paulo
-It is in South America ; it lies east of the Pacific ocean and west of Africa
Site of Sao Paulo
- Found on a hilly plateaux on which a number of rivers flow
- It is about 820KM above sea level
Situation of Sao Paulo
- 350KM South west of Rio De Janeiro
- The capital Brasillia is 100KM north
What is the function and building age of the CBD?
Sao Paulo
- Business and residential functions
- Most high rise buildings built in 19th century
- Centro Velho was developed as a centre for financial sector with same banks
- Centro novo has main stations & is an entertainment boulevard
What is the function and building age of the inner city?
Sao Paulo
- Residential function and some industry
- First flavelas were here (Parapolis)
What is the function and building age of the suburbs?
Sao Paulo
- Mainly residential and commercial
- Flavelas and bigger houses
- Parks & mall (cidade jardim mall)
What is the function and building age of the rural urban fringe?
Sao Paulo
- Residential ( gated communities)
- Alphaville (1000 guards,4000 residents,own malls,parks & schools)
- Some favelas sprung up in 1980
Connectivity of Sao Paulo
- Well connected with rest of Brazil;many roads & railways
- 16,000 buses
- 2 major international airports
- Internal links with overground train lines & subway system
Population growth due to:
natural increase
-Over past 20 years growth in population in Sao Paulo has been caused by a high natural increase in population. The birth rate is still high in some parts of the city and the death rate has declined with healthcare, diet and housing conditions
Population growth due to:
national and international migration
- A lot of migration from northern Brazil who were attracted by fast economic growth of the city and the promise of jobs
- International migration during 19th and 20th century: 1/5 of the cities population is foreign
The range of possible strategies aimed at making urban living more sustainable and improving quality of life:
Transport
- Bristol council has partnership with walkit which is a website that provides easy to read maps of the city. This helps improve the health of the people as well as cutting down on carbon emissions as less car journeys are made
- Most major roads have bus lane that cannot be used by cars and the council is working towards producing system like the oyster card system in london
- Car sharing club and 2+ lanes
- Cycling lanes and on street car hire system
The range of possible strategies aimed at making urban living more sustainable and improving quality of life:
Affordable and energy efficient housing
- Houses are responsible for 25% of UK’s carbon footprint. It is therefore important that Bristol council improves energy efficiency in housing in order to be more sustainable and improve quality of life for residents
- Grants for loft insulation are available and the council works with British gas to ensure all homes have sufficient amount of insulation to make them energy efficient
- Council runs help to buy schemes and provide sheltered and retired housing
Causes of national and international migration in Sao Paulo:
Pull factors
- Infant mortality rates are lower in the favelas of sao paulo where it is 82 per 1000, than in rural areas where it is 175 per 1000
- Rural dwellers have high expectations of a better quality of life in the city. There are more schools and doctors as the government puts more money into services for urban areas
Causes of national and international migration in Sao Paulo:
Push factors
- In the 1950s and 1960s there was a shortage of workers in Sao Paulo due to rapid economic growth. Advertising campaigns were run in rural areas to attract workers to the city
- Land in rural areas has been taken away from the subsistence farmers who were renting it from large landowners.
Impacts of migration on Sao Paulo
Ethnicity - Sao Paulo is very culturally diverse. The neighbourhood Liberdade has the largest japanese community outside of Japan
Age structure - The large number of migrants has caused a young age structure which in turn has resulted in the high birth rate
Services - The large number of migrants have put pressure on services such as housing and hospitals
How HAs the growth of Brazil accompanied by increasing inequality?
- In 2000 the quality of life in diffident districts in Sao paulo was measured using UN HDI. It found that the richest district, Moema had a higher living standard than Portugal , whereas the poorest district, Marsilac is poorer than Sierra Leone
- Many wealthy paulistanos live on the outskirts of the city with centre being taken over by poor
Why has the growth of Brazil accompanied by increasing inequality?
- The process of deindustrialisation, which occurred in Bristol in the 20th century, has been happening in Sao Paulo since the 1980s, causing a bigger gap between rich and poor in the city. This has caused an increase in the unemployment rates
- The inequality in wealth is partly due to the way the city has grown. The growth of the population has been so rapid that the city has been unable to provide sufficient housing for all the people. Therefore, the people who have jobs or have been in the city for a longer period of time tend to be ones that are better off
Effects of rapid urbanisation:
Unemployment
Sao Paulo could not provide jobs for all f its migrants, which led to high unemployment rates of 19% in 1998
Effects of rapid urbanisation:
Favelas
- Favelas started to develop in the 1930s as the city started to experience population growth
- Rapid industrialisation in the 1980s cased the growth of favelas across the city due to acute housing shortages
- The areas did not have proper sewage systems - much of sewage runs down the street into rivers
- People access water from stand pipes that serve hundreds of people
Example of a top down project:
Cingapura housing project
- This was implemented by the municipality of Sao Paulo between 1995 and 2001
- The scheme was supposed to build 100,000 new homes, but in the end only 14,000 were made
- The project removed some favelas to clear land for the new homes while the favela residents lived in barrack like accommodation
- New homes were built around 10 storeys high and favela residents were expected to pay rent of $26 a month for their new apartment
Advantages of top down projects (Cingapura housing project)
- The new housing had clean water supply and proper sanitation
- New housing was built on the same land as favelas so people did not have to leave the area they knew
- Leisure areas were included in the developments
Disadvantages of top down projects (Cingapura housing project)
- Many favela owners had never paid rent and couldn’t afford to
- Favelas were demolished to build the new blocks
- The type of accommodation was forced on the residents who had no say in what was being built
- There was no provisions for small busines
- The living space in each apartment was very small
Example of a bottom up project:
Self help scheme in Santo Andre
The scheme got together a number of local organisations to work together to improve infrastructure and services of the area
- Many favelas were upgraded
- Community health projects has made health care more available
- Literacy courses have been made available for adults
- Credit facilities have been made available to small scale entrepreneurs so that they can expand their businesses
- Recreational facilities have been made available
Advantages of bottom up projects
Self help scheme in Santo Andre
- Community are included in the decisions that are made
- Housing in the area will be the same type of housing but will be more substantial and have services
- The improvements are not just housing but help further improving the quality of life for people in the area
Disadvantages of bottom up projects
Self help scheme in Santo Andre
- The scheme takes a long time to be instigated
- With so many people involved it is hard to get agreement on how the money available should be spent
- It is difficult to get people to accept help with the literacy programmes
What is the role of government policies in improving the quality of life in Sao Paulo
- A government bank has funded housing projetcs and provided low interest loans to lower and middle income people to helpthem buy a home
- Government has provided an underground train system - the metro
- City has instigated bus lanes
