Global Development Flashcards
1
Q
Define Globalisation?
A
Widening, deeping, speeding up global interconnections
2
Q
What are the five dimensions of globalisation?
A
Economic, Cultural, Political, Social, Biological
3
Q
What are examples of economic dimensions?
A
International trade and foregin direct investment
4
Q
What are examples of cultural dimensions?
A
Universalisation of culture
5
Q
What are examples of political dimensions?
A
Global governance
6
Q
What are examples of social dimensions?
A
Social networks
7
Q
What are examples of biological dimensions?
A
Globalised health risks
8
Q
Outline the direction and nature of capital flows
A
HICs -> LICs
9
Q
Outline the direction and nature of repatriation of profits
A
LICs -> HICs
10
Q
Outline the direction and nature of aid
A
HICs -> LICs
11
Q
Outline the direction and nature of remittances
A
HICs -> LICs
12
Q
Outline the direction of raw materials
A
LICs - NICs/HICs
13
Q
Outline the direction of product flow of low value manufactured products
A
NICs - HICs
14
Q
Outline the direction of product flow of high value manufactured goods
A
HICs - LICs
15
Q
What is the direction of flows of labour?
A
LICs/NICs - HICs
16
Q
What is the direction of flows of services?
A
High level services: HICs - HICs
Low level services: NICs - HICs
17
Q
What is the direction of flows of information?
A
HICs - NICs/LICs
18
Q
What is the direction of flows of technology?
A
HICs - NICs/LICs
19
Q
Define glocalisation
A
Products developed and distributed globally but adjusted to locals
20
Q
Define global shift
A
Movement of manufacturing from developed to non-developed countries
21
Q
What is interdependence?
A
Places become dependent on one another
22
Q
What is economic interdependence?
A
Reliance of economic growth
23
Q
What is social interdependence?
A
Education as foregin exchange
24
Q
What is political interdependence?
A
UN as global governments
25
How have changes to the financial systems promoted globalisation?
Deregulation of financial market
| Global exchange and connectivity
26
How has production promoted globalisation?
- Deindustrialisation
- OUtsourcing/ offshoring
- Economies of scale
27
How has changing technology promoted globalisation?
- Satelite communication
- Social media
- Development of internet
28
What is an argument for the importance of changing technology in promoting globalisation?
- Containerisation
| > Reduced transport cost
29
What is an argument against the importance of changing technology in promoting globalisation?
Not everyone has access to the internet
| - 40 percent of the world's total population remains offline
30
What is an argument for the importance of trade blocs in promoting globalisation?
Example?
Common external tariffs
| trade increases
31
What is an argument against the importance of trade blocs in promoting globalisation?
Example
Trade diversion
32
Define outsourcing
Other companies produce at a lower cost
33
What are the impacts of outsourcing?
- Deindustrialisation in HICs
- Race to the bottom in LICs
- Greater profits for TNCs
34
How have unequal flows of labour created inequality?
- Brain drain from LICs
- Confliect between migrants and locals
- Dependence on remittances
35
How have unequal flows of capital created inequality
- Foregin aid dependency
- Influence governments
- Profit repatriation
36
Why do HICs dominate world trade/ have a better market access?
- Infrastructure is similar and developed
- High value products
- High market volume
37
Economic impacts of poor market access
- Products are uncompetitive so cannot established new infant industries
- Dependent on low value primary products
38
Social impacts of poor market access
- Less employment
| - Less money invested in health/ education
39
Define Race to the Bottom
Everyone compete to supply and to compete they must lower prices
40
Define comparative advantage
Products a country can produce at a lower opportunity cost
41
Define economic zone
Areas with different trade and investment rules to the test of a country
42
Define primary product dependency
Reliance on a raw material for export earnings
43
Three problems caused by primary product dependency
- Volatile prices
- Supplies finite
- Resource curse
44
How have trade patterns have changed since the 1980s?
1. Increased ( x8 1990s)
2. Triadic structure
3. Slower growth of LICs
4. Dominated by TNCs
5. TRans pacific is now much faste
45
Ways world investment patterns have changed since 1980s
1. Increased
2. HIC -> HIC
- Increasingly HIC -> NIC/LICs
3. Increasing NIC investmet in NIC/LIC
46
Define free trade
No barrier to trade
47
Positive of free trade
- Lower prices for consumers
| - Weaken domestic monopolies
48
Negatives of free trade
- Deindustrialisation
| - Infant industries can't develop
49
Define fair trade
- Minimum fair trade price
- Fair trade premium
- Environmental standards
50
What is a positive of fair trade
Reduce price volatility and poverty
51
What is a negative of fair trade
Reduce incentive to diversify
52
Define tariff
Tax on imports
53
Define import quotas
Physical limit on the amount of goods
54
Define subsidies
Grants given to domestic producers
55
Define embargoes
Complete ban on trade
56
What is the WTO and what does it do?
Sets global trade rules promotes free trade
57
What are positives of the WTO
- Promotes free trade
| - Settles disputes
58
What are negative of free trade
- Favours TNCs
| - Requires consensus
59
What are trade blocs?
A group of countries who have joined together to promote trade
60
What are two positives of trade blocs?
- Increase trade
| - More negotiating power
61
What are two negatives of trade blocs?
- Trade diversions
| - Loss of sovreignity
62
What is the IMF? What does it do?
Monitors global economy
63
What are two positives of the IMF?
- Prevents economic crisis
| - 190 members/ inclusive
64
What are two negatives of the IMF?
- Conditions attached to loans
| - Voting powers based on monetary subscriptions
65
What is the world bank? What does it do?
Provides loans for developing projects
66
What are two positives of the World Bank?
- Promotes economic development
| - Loans are long term
67
What are two negatives of the World Bank?
- Projects are top-down
| - Loans do need to be repaid
68
Who is involved in NAFTA?
North American Free Trade Agreement
- USA
- Canada
- Mexico
69
Who is involved in the EU?
European Union
- France
- Spain
- Belgium
70
Who is involved in the TPP?
Trans Pacific Partnership
71
Who is involved in the TTIP?
Transatlantic Trade & Investment
72
Two positives of NAFTA
- Increase Trade (Quadrupled)
- Increased Foreign Direct Investment
> In 2017, U.S. investors poured $391.2 billion into Canada and $109.7 billion into Mexico
73
Two negatives of NAFTA
- Deindustrialisation
> Labour moved to Mexico as it is cheaper
- Mexico's farmers put out of business
> Mexico lost nearly 1.3 million farm jobs from 1994 to 2004
74
What is special and differential treatment?
WTO agreements contain special provisions which give developing countries special rights and allow other members to treat them more favourably
75
What are positives of special and differential treatment?
- LDCs better market access
| - Promotes economic development
76
What are negatives of special and differential treatment?
- May be conditional
| - 8-10 years to be LDCs accepted
77
What is the UN?
Promote and protect global peace and security
78
What are two positives of the UN?
- Success of he MDGs
| - Inclusive
79
What are two negatives of the UN?
- Veto of power, 5 permanent members
- Injustice
> Rwandan Civil War
80
What is a verticle integration?
Company owns entire supply chain
| eg Shell
81
What is horizontal integration?
Company own one level of a supply chain
| eg Cadbury
82
Who are the importers of bananas?
EU & USA
83
Who are the exporters of bananas?
African, Caribbean and Pacific
| Latin America
84
Which TNC dominates banana trade?
Chiquita
85
What happened to Banana trade in 1975?
LOME convention
86
What happened to Banana trade in 1992?
Europeans market farm
| LOME convention integrated into a banana regulation 1993
87
What happened between 1992-5 to banana trade?
TNCs file complaints against the EU in the WTO. By 1997 the WTO rules against the EU
88
What happened between 1999 to banana trade?
Clinton administration imposes sanctions on the EU
89
What happened in 2009 to banana trade?
Geneva 2009 - EU agrees to gradually reduce tariffs on Latin American bananas
90
How did the Banana trade dispute impact upon small-scale producers in the Windward islands?
- Smaller scale so couldn't compete (higher prices as no economies of scale)
- Decline in profits/economic decline as exports decreased
- Race to the bottom
91
What is the Belt and Road Initiative?
network of overland road, rail and pipeline corridors and maritime routes through ports and shipping lanes
92
Who funded the Belt and Road Initiative?
Chinese Sovereign wealth funds
93
What are positive of the Belt and Road Initiatives?
- Up to 70million lifted out of poverty
- reduced concentration of power in the west
- benefits of mutually beneficial cooperation/investment in infrastructure increases development
94
What are negatives of the Belt and Road Initiatives?
- Loans are high risk
- China can gain political leverage/form of new colonialism
- May result in new debt crisis
95
What are environmental impacts of increasing interdependence and globalisation?
- Pressure on finites resources
- Increased transportation (enhanced greenhouse effect)
- More waste due to increased packaging
96
What are positives of the impacts of APPLE on China?
- 40% higher wages than local firms
| - Creation of jobs
97
What are negatives of the impacts of APPLE on China?
- Sweatshop conditions
- 2010 50 workers at Lianjian Tech poisoned
- 2009-2010 14 suicides
98
Define Global governance
rules, norms and laws that make and remake global systems
| - Deals with issues that cannot be solved by any one state
99
Examples of global governance
- World Trade Organisation
- World Health organisation
- International Monetary fund
100
What is the Paris Agreement?
- Carbon emission reduction
- Voluntary system of pledges
- Track progress
- Green climate fund
101
What are the positives of the Paris Agreement?
- Holding warming to 1.5'C would slow sea level rise
| - 180 countries have submitted pledges
102
What are the negatives of the Paris Agreement?
- No enforcement of pledges
| - Current pledges if met only guarantee 3.5C
103
How do TNCs from links?
- Mergers
- Acquisitions
- Outsourcing
- Global supply chains
104
What is a global common?
Resources with no national governance/ outside domain of any one nation state
Jointly shared by all people
Bring economic benefits to all
105
What are the four global commons?
- High seas
- Atmosphere
- Outer space
- Antartica
106
Define common heritage of mankind
Some localities belong to all humanity and the resources are available for everyone's use and benefit
107
Define Tragedy of the commons
Common access to resources inevitably results in resources being over-exploited as individuals put their needs and desire not to lose out over the collective need
108
What is NGO?
Non-Governmental Organisation
109
What is Advocacy NGO?
Campaigns to raise awareness
110
What is Operational NGO?
Frontline support services for those in need
111
What is the UN? What does it do?
Promote/ protect
| Global peace and security/human rights/ human development
112
What are the positives of the UN?
- Success of the Millenium Development Goals
- Improved stability eg Gulf War
- Inclusive
113
What are the negatives of the UN?
- veto power of 5 permanent members of the security council
| - general assembly is advisory
114
What is vertical integration?
Company owns entire supply chain
115
What is horizontal integration?
company owns one level of a supply chain
116
Which international treaty protects the high seas?
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
117
Which international treaty protects space?
Moon Treaty
118
Which international treaty protects Antartica?
Antarctic Treaty System
| Protocol on Environmental Protection
119
Which international treaty protects Atmosphere?
UN Framework Convention on climate change
120
Three reasons why globalisation poses as a threat to the high seas:
- increased international trade/increased potential markets > overfishing/pollution/acificication
- development/transfer of transport technology > inaccessible areas become accessible > overfishing/mining
- increase in industry/outsourcing > discharge of chemical waste/acidification of oceans
121
What is the Antarctic convergence zone?
Warmer sub-Antarctic and colder Antarctic water’s meet > upwelling of warm water returns nutrients to the surface > increased photosynthesis > high primary productivity
122
What is the Antarctic circumpolar current?
Surface current which flows eastward around Antarctica and blocks warmer waters travelling south
123
What is isostatic depression?
Sinking of crust into the asthenosphere due to heavy weight of glacial ice
124
What is the importance of antarctic convergence zone?
Creates a zone of high primary productivity by returning unusable nutrients to the surface
125
What is the precipitation like in Antarctica?
low - less than 50mm per year
126
What is the Katabatic winds?
strong downhill flowing winds (highlands radiate heat and cool > more dense)
127
What is the temperature like in Antarctica?
Low (average -49C)
128
How is tourism posed as a threat to Antarctica?
- evidence breeding sites of birds near Antarctic bases distrubed
- pollution - MV Explorer sinking and oil spills; Mount Erebus Air Crash
129
How is tourism seen as a good thing for Antarctica?
Raise awareness of need for conservation (Scott Polar Research Institute)
130
Ways climate change poses as a threat to Antarctica
- Western sea ice shrinking (+3C)
| - ocean acidification > damage to plankton/marine snails > impact on food web
131
Ways whaling and fishing poses as a threat to Antarctica
- Whales decreased from 275, 000 prior to 19th century > 2000 1964
- long-line fishing > species such as Patagonian toothfish endangered
132
Ways mineral search poses as a threat to Antarctica
- increasing population/development > increased demand
| - technological advances
133
What is the international Convention for the regulation of whaling?
Complete protection of certain whale species; designated areas as whale sanctuaries in Southern ocean; limits on numbers and size of whales.
134
What is the International Whaling Moratorium?
ban on commercial whaling
135
What are two strengths of the Moratorium?
- decreased levels of whaling
| - allowed whale stocks to recover/preventing extinction
136
What are two negatives of the Moratorium?
- agreements on the moratorium require a majority vote (¾) (equal pro/con members so unlikely)
- voluntary - can exempt yourself by lodging a complaint: Russia objected; Norway/Iceland continue to whale
137
What is the Antarctica treaty system?
should be used for peaceful purposes; should cooperate on/share scientific research; remain a global common
138
Two strengths of the Antarctic treaty system
- Set aside territorial claims
| - successful disarmament regime
139
Two negatives of the Antarctic treaty system
- freezes territorial claims but doesn’t negate them
| - consensus needed so slow (failure to implement Antarctic Marine reserves)
140
What is the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition?
Group of 30 NGOs
141
What are positives of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition?
- campaigned to make Antarctic Treaty meetings more transparent
- monitor environmental changes e.g. krill and whaling population levels
142
what are negatives of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition?
- cannot make a direct impact
| - more difficult to gain international governments attention
143
What is the protocol on Environmental protection to the Antarctic Treaty?
Nature reserve, all activities must have an environmental impact assessment, ban mining
144
What are positives of the protocol?
- Protrcts the global common for damage
| - Prevents the tragedy of commons- mining
145
What are negative of the protocol?
- Ban on mining prohibition in 2048 could be overturned
| - Environmental audits are mainly of bases onland and not those in maritime areas
146
What is the convention on the regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resources?
An agreement to manage the exploitation and development of Antarctica's non-renewable resources - did not pass
147
What is the International Association of Tour Operators?
Self-regulates tourism in Antarctica eg guidelines: limite numbers of visitors taken ashore; encourage conservation talks; prohibits leaving waste
148
What is the United Nations Environment Programme?
UN agency governings the world's environment reports Antarctic activity to the UN
149
What are positives of the UN Environment Programme?
- Discuss questions of Antarctica on a global scale
150
What are the negatives of the UN Environment Programme?
- Relies on voluntray donations
| - Part of the general assembly so lacks decision making/direct impact
151
What are international laws?
Legally binding rules established through international agreements
152
What are international norms?
Accepted standards of behaviours
153
What are international institutions?
Political and legal organisations that pass laws/discuss issues/ disputes on an international scale eg UN and WTO
154
What are environmental imapcts of increasing interdependence and globalisation?
- Increased pressure on finite resources/ depletion of non-renewables
- Increased transportation (greenhouse effect)
155
Positives social impacts of increasing interdependence and globalisation
- Greater access to foreign culture
| - Increased awareness of global events
156
Negatives social impacts of increasing interdependence and globalisation
- Loss of cultural diversity
| - Spread of propaganda
