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Geography: Human Geography > Global Development > Flashcards

Global Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Globalisation?

A

Widening, deeping, speeding up global interconnections

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2
Q

What are the five dimensions of globalisation?

A

Economic, Cultural, Political, Social, Biological

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3
Q

What are examples of economic dimensions?

A

International trade and foregin direct investment

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4
Q

What are examples of cultural dimensions?

A

Universalisation of culture

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5
Q

What are examples of political dimensions?

A

Global governance

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6
Q

What are examples of social dimensions?

A

Social networks

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7
Q

What are examples of biological dimensions?

A

Globalised health risks

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8
Q

Outline the direction and nature of capital flows

A

HICs -> LICs

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9
Q

Outline the direction and nature of repatriation of profits

A

LICs -> HICs

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10
Q

Outline the direction and nature of aid

A

HICs -> LICs

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11
Q

Outline the direction and nature of remittances

A

HICs -> LICs

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12
Q

Outline the direction of raw materials

A

LICs - NICs/HICs

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13
Q

Outline the direction of product flow of low value manufactured products

A

NICs - HICs

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14
Q

Outline the direction of product flow of high value manufactured goods

A

HICs - LICs

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15
Q

What is the direction of flows of labour?

A

LICs/NICs - HICs

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16
Q

What is the direction of flows of services?

A

High level services: HICs - HICs

Low level services: NICs - HICs

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17
Q

What is the direction of flows of information?

A

HICs - NICs/LICs

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18
Q

What is the direction of flows of technology?

A

HICs - NICs/LICs

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19
Q

Define glocalisation

A

Products developed and distributed globally but adjusted to locals

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20
Q

Define global shift

A

Movement of manufacturing from developed to non-developed countries

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21
Q

What is interdependence?

A

Places become dependent on one another

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22
Q

What is economic interdependence?

A

Reliance of economic growth

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23
Q

What is social interdependence?

A

Education as foregin exchange

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24
Q

What is political interdependence?

A

UN as global governments

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25
Q

How have changes to the financial systems promoted globalisation?

A

Deregulation of financial market

Global exchange and connectivity

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26
Q

How has production promoted globalisation?

A
  • Deindustrialisation
  • OUtsourcing/ offshoring
  • Economies of scale
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27
Q

How has changing technology promoted globalisation?

A
  • Satelite communication
  • Social media
  • Development of internet
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28
Q

What is an argument for the importance of changing technology in promoting globalisation?

A
  • Containerisation

> Reduced transport cost

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29
Q

What is an argument against the importance of changing technology in promoting globalisation?

A

Not everyone has access to the internet

- 40 percent of the world’s total population remains offline

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30
Q

What is an argument for the importance of trade blocs in promoting globalisation?
Example?

A

Common external tariffs

trade increases

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31
Q

What is an argument against the importance of trade blocs in promoting globalisation?
Example

A

Trade diversion

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32
Q

Define outsourcing

A

Other companies produce at a lower cost

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33
Q

What are the impacts of outsourcing?

A
  • Deindustrialisation in HICs
  • Race to the bottom in LICs
  • Greater profits for TNCs
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34
Q

How have unequal flows of labour created inequality?

A
  • Brain drain from LICs
  • Confliect between migrants and locals
  • Dependence on remittances
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35
Q

How have unequal flows of capital created inequality

A
  • Foregin aid dependency
  • Influence governments
  • Profit repatriation
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36
Q

Why do HICs dominate world trade/ have a better market access?

A
  • Infrastructure is similar and developed
  • High value products
  • High market volume
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37
Q

Economic impacts of poor market access

A
  • Products are uncompetitive so cannot established new infant industries
  • Dependent on low value primary products
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38
Q

Social impacts of poor market access

A
  • Less employment

- Less money invested in health/ education

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39
Q

Define Race to the Bottom

A

Everyone compete to supply and to compete they must lower prices

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40
Q

Define comparative advantage

A

Products a country can produce at a lower opportunity cost

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41
Q

Define economic zone

A

Areas with different trade and investment rules to the test of a country

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42
Q

Define primary product dependency

A

Reliance on a raw material for export earnings

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43
Q

Three problems caused by primary product dependency

A
  • Volatile prices
  • Supplies finite
  • Resource curse
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44
Q

How have trade patterns have changed since the 1980s?

A
  1. Increased ( x8 1990s)
  2. Triadic structure
  3. Slower growth of LICs
  4. Dominated by TNCs
  5. TRans pacific is now much faste
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45
Q

Ways world investment patterns have changed since 1980s

A
  1. Increased
  2. HIC -> HIC
    - Increasingly HIC -> NIC/LICs
  3. Increasing NIC investmet in NIC/LIC
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46
Q

Define free trade

A

No barrier to trade

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47
Q

Positive of free trade

A
  • Lower prices for consumers

- Weaken domestic monopolies

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48
Q

Negatives of free trade

A
  • Deindustrialisation

- Infant industries can’t develop

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49
Q

Define fair trade

A
  • Minimum fair trade price
  • Fair trade premium
  • Environmental standards
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50
Q

What is a positive of fair trade

A

Reduce price volatility and poverty

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51
Q

What is a negative of fair trade

A

Reduce incentive to diversify

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52
Q

Define tariff

A

Tax on imports

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53
Q

Define import quotas

A

Physical limit on the amount of goods

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54
Q

Define subsidies

A

Grants given to domestic producers

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55
Q

Define embargoes

A

Complete ban on trade

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56
Q

What is the WTO and what does it do?

A

Sets global trade rules promotes free trade

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57
Q

What are positives of the WTO

A
  • Promotes free trade

- Settles disputes

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58
Q

What are negative of free trade

A
  • Favours TNCs

- Requires consensus

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59
Q

What are trade blocs?

A

A group of countries who have joined together to promote trade

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60
Q

What are two positives of trade blocs?

A
  • Increase trade

- More negotiating power

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61
Q

What are two negatives of trade blocs?

A
  • Trade diversions

- Loss of sovreignity

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62
Q

What is the IMF? What does it do?

A

Monitors global economy

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63
Q

What are two positives of the IMF?

A
  • Prevents economic crisis

- 190 members/ inclusive

64
Q

What are two negatives of the IMF?

A
  • Conditions attached to loans

- Voting powers based on monetary subscriptions

65
Q

What is the world bank? What does it do?

A

Provides loans for developing projects

66
Q

What are two positives of the World Bank?

A
  • Promotes economic development

- Loans are long term

67
Q

What are two negatives of the World Bank?

A
  • Projects are top-down

- Loans do need to be repaid

68
Q

Who is involved in NAFTA?

A

North American Free Trade Agreement

  • USA
  • Canada
  • Mexico
69
Q

Who is involved in the EU?

A

European Union

  • France
  • Spain
  • Belgium
70
Q

Who is involved in the TPP?

A

Trans Pacific Partnership

71
Q

Who is involved in the TTIP?

A

Transatlantic Trade & Investment

72
Q

Two positives of NAFTA

A
  • Increase Trade (Quadrupled)
  • Increased Foreign Direct Investment
    > In 2017, U.S. investors poured $391.2 billion into Canada and $109.7 billion into Mexico
73
Q

Two negatives of NAFTA

A
  • Deindustrialisation
    > Labour moved to Mexico as it is cheaper
  • Mexico’s farmers put out of business
    > Mexico lost nearly 1.3 million farm jobs from 1994 to 2004
74
Q

What is special and differential treatment?

A

WTO agreements contain special provisions which give developing countries special rights and allow other members to treat them more favourably

75
Q

What are positives of special and differential treatment?

A
  • LDCs better market access

- Promotes economic development

76
Q

What are negatives of special and differential treatment?

A
  • May be conditional

- 8-10 years to be LDCs accepted

77
Q

What is the UN?

A

Promote and protect global peace and security

78
Q

What are two positives of the UN?

A
  • Success of he MDGs

- Inclusive

79
Q

What are two negatives of the UN?

A
  • Veto of power, 5 permanent members
  • Injustice
    > Rwandan Civil War
80
Q

What is a verticle integration?

A

Company owns entire supply chain

eg Shell

81
Q

What is horizontal integration?

A

Company own one level of a supply chain

eg Cadbury

82
Q

Who are the importers of bananas?

A

EU & USA

83
Q

Who are the exporters of bananas?

A

African, Caribbean and Pacific

Latin America

84
Q

Which TNC dominates banana trade?

A

Chiquita

85
Q

What happened to Banana trade in 1975?

A

LOME convention

86
Q

What happened to Banana trade in 1992?

A

Europeans market farm

LOME convention integrated into a banana regulation 1993

87
Q

What happened between 1992-5 to banana trade?

A

TNCs file complaints against the EU in the WTO. By 1997 the WTO rules against the EU

88
Q

What happened between 1999 to banana trade?

A

Clinton administration imposes sanctions on the EU

89
Q

What happened in 2009 to banana trade?

A

Geneva 2009 - EU agrees to gradually reduce tariffs on Latin American bananas

90
Q

How did the Banana trade dispute impact upon small-scale producers in the Windward islands?

A
  • Smaller scale so couldn’t compete (higher prices as no economies of scale)
  • Decline in profits/economic decline as exports decreased
  • Race to the bottom
91
Q

What is the Belt and Road Initiative?

A

network of overland road, rail and pipeline corridors and maritime routes through ports and shipping lanes

92
Q

Who funded the Belt and Road Initiative?

A

Chinese Sovereign wealth funds

93
Q

What are positive of the Belt and Road Initiatives?

A
  • Up to 70million lifted out of poverty
  • reduced concentration of power in the west
  • benefits of mutually beneficial cooperation/investment in infrastructure increases development
94
Q

What are negatives of the Belt and Road Initiatives?

A
  • Loans are high risk
  • China can gain political leverage/form of new colonialism
  • May result in new debt crisis
95
Q

What are environmental impacts of increasing interdependence and globalisation?

A
  • Pressure on finites resources
  • Increased transportation (enhanced greenhouse effect)
  • More waste due to increased packaging
96
Q

What are positives of the impacts of APPLE on China?

A
  • 40% higher wages than local firms

- Creation of jobs

97
Q

What are negatives of the impacts of APPLE on China?

A
  • Sweatshop conditions
  • 2010 50 workers at Lianjian Tech poisoned
  • 2009-2010 14 suicides
98
Q

Define Global governance

A

rules, norms and laws that make and remake global systems

- Deals with issues that cannot be solved by any one state

99
Q

Examples of global governance

A
  • World Trade Organisation
  • World Health organisation
  • International Monetary fund
100
Q

What is the Paris Agreement?

A
  • Carbon emission reduction
  • Voluntary system of pledges
  • Track progress
  • Green climate fund
101
Q

What are the positives of the Paris Agreement?

A
  • Holding warming to 1.5’C would slow sea level rise

- 180 countries have submitted pledges

102
Q

What are the negatives of the Paris Agreement?

A
  • No enforcement of pledges

- Current pledges if met only guarantee 3.5C

103
Q

How do TNCs from links?

A
  • Mergers
  • Acquisitions
  • Outsourcing
  • Global supply chains
104
Q

What is a global common?

A

Resources with no national governance/ outside domain of any one nation state
Jointly shared by all people
Bring economic benefits to all

105
Q

What are the four global commons?

A
  • High seas
  • Atmosphere
  • Outer space
  • Antartica
106
Q

Define common heritage of mankind

A

Some localities belong to all humanity and the resources are available for everyone’s use and benefit

107
Q

Define Tragedy of the commons

A

Common access to resources inevitably results in resources being over-exploited as individuals put their needs and desire not to lose out over the collective need

108
Q

What is NGO?

A

Non-Governmental Organisation

109
Q

What is Advocacy NGO?

A

Campaigns to raise awareness

110
Q

What is Operational NGO?

A

Frontline support services for those in need

111
Q

What is the UN? What does it do?

A

Promote/ protect

Global peace and security/human rights/ human development

112
Q

What are the positives of the UN?

A
  • Success of the Millenium Development Goals
  • Improved stability eg Gulf War
  • Inclusive
113
Q

What are the negatives of the UN?

A
  • veto power of 5 permanent members of the security council

- general assembly is advisory

114
Q

What is vertical integration?

A

Company owns entire supply chain

115
Q

What is horizontal integration?

A

company owns one level of a supply chain

116
Q

Which international treaty protects the high seas?

A

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

117
Q

Which international treaty protects space?

A

Moon Treaty

118
Q

Which international treaty protects Antartica?

A

Antarctic Treaty System

Protocol on Environmental Protection

119
Q

Which international treaty protects Atmosphere?

A

UN Framework Convention on climate change

120
Q

Three reasons why globalisation poses as a threat to the high seas:

A
  • increased international trade/increased potential markets > overfishing/pollution/acificication
  • development/transfer of transport technology > inaccessible areas become accessible > overfishing/mining
  • increase in industry/outsourcing > discharge of chemical waste/acidification of oceans
121
Q

What is the Antarctic convergence zone?

A

Warmer sub-Antarctic and colder Antarctic water’s meet > upwelling of warm water returns nutrients to the surface > increased photosynthesis > high primary productivity

122
Q

What is the Antarctic circumpolar current?

A

Surface current which flows eastward around Antarctica and blocks warmer waters travelling south

123
Q

What is isostatic depression?

A

Sinking of crust into the asthenosphere due to heavy weight of glacial ice

124
Q

What is the importance of antarctic convergence zone?

A

Creates a zone of high primary productivity by returning unusable nutrients to the surface

125
Q

What is the precipitation like in Antarctica?

A

low - less than 50mm per year

126
Q

What is the Katabatic winds?

A

strong downhill flowing winds (highlands radiate heat and cool > more dense)

127
Q

What is the temperature like in Antarctica?

A

Low (average -49C)

128
Q

How is tourism posed as a threat to Antarctica?

A
  • evidence breeding sites of birds near Antarctic bases distrubed
  • pollution - MV Explorer sinking and oil spills; Mount Erebus Air Crash
129
Q

How is tourism seen as a good thing for Antarctica?

A

Raise awareness of need for conservation (Scott Polar Research Institute)

130
Q

Ways climate change poses as a threat to Antarctica

A
  • Western sea ice shrinking (+3C)

- ocean acidification > damage to plankton/marine snails > impact on food web

131
Q

Ways whaling and fishing poses as a threat to Antarctica

A
  • Whales decreased from 275, 000 prior to 19th century > 2000 1964
  • long-line fishing > species such as Patagonian toothfish endangered
132
Q

Ways mineral search poses as a threat to Antarctica

A
  • increasing population/development > increased demand

- technological advances

133
Q

What is the international Convention for the regulation of whaling?

A

Complete protection of certain whale species; designated areas as whale sanctuaries in Southern ocean; limits on numbers and size of whales.

134
Q

What is the International Whaling Moratorium?

A

ban on commercial whaling

135
Q

What are two strengths of the Moratorium?

A
  • decreased levels of whaling

- allowed whale stocks to recover/preventing extinction

136
Q

What are two negatives of the Moratorium?

A
  • agreements on the moratorium require a majority vote (¾) (equal pro/con members so unlikely)
  • voluntary - can exempt yourself by lodging a complaint: Russia objected; Norway/Iceland continue to whale
137
Q

What is the Antarctica treaty system?

A

should be used for peaceful purposes; should cooperate on/share scientific research; remain a global common

138
Q

Two strengths of the Antarctic treaty system

A
  • Set aside territorial claims

- successful disarmament regime

139
Q

Two negatives of the Antarctic treaty system

A
  • freezes territorial claims but doesn’t negate them

- consensus needed so slow (failure to implement Antarctic Marine reserves)

140
Q

What is the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition?

A

Group of 30 NGOs

141
Q

What are positives of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition?

A
  • campaigned to make Antarctic Treaty meetings more transparent
  • monitor environmental changes e.g. krill and whaling population levels
142
Q

what are negatives of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition?

A
  • cannot make a direct impact

- more difficult to gain international governments attention

143
Q

What is the protocol on Environmental protection to the Antarctic Treaty?

A

Nature reserve, all activities must have an environmental impact assessment, ban mining

144
Q

What are positives of the protocol?

A
  • Protrcts the global common for damage

- Prevents the tragedy of commons- mining

145
Q

What are negative of the protocol?

A
  • Ban on mining prohibition in 2048 could be overturned

- Environmental audits are mainly of bases onland and not those in maritime areas

146
Q

What is the convention on the regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resources?

A

An agreement to manage the exploitation and development of Antarctica’s non-renewable resources - did not pass

147
Q

What is the International Association of Tour Operators?

A

Self-regulates tourism in Antarctica eg guidelines: limite numbers of visitors taken ashore; encourage conservation talks; prohibits leaving waste

148
Q

What is the United Nations Environment Programme?

A

UN agency governings the world’s environment reports Antarctic activity to the UN

149
Q

What are positives of the UN Environment Programme?

A
  • Discuss questions of Antarctica on a global scale
150
Q

What are the negatives of the UN Environment Programme?

A
  • Relies on voluntray donations

- Part of the general assembly so lacks decision making/direct impact

151
Q

What are international laws?

A

Legally binding rules established through international agreements

152
Q

What are international norms?

A

Accepted standards of behaviours

153
Q

What are international institutions?

A

Political and legal organisations that pass laws/discuss issues/ disputes on an international scale eg UN and WTO

154
Q

What are environmental imapcts of increasing interdependence and globalisation?

A
  • Increased pressure on finite resources/ depletion of non-renewables
  • Increased transportation (greenhouse effect)
155
Q

Positives social impacts of increasing interdependence and globalisation

A
  • Greater access to foreign culture

- Increased awareness of global events

156
Q

Negatives social impacts of increasing interdependence and globalisation

A
  • Loss of cultural diversity

- Spread of propaganda

Geography: Human Geography (9 decks)

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