Global - (1.1) Intro to international marketing Flashcards

1
Q

What were the most important changes in global marketing last years (and which drivers)?

A

Covid 19 + War Ukraine
- E commerce > more sales
- Digital firms grow in market capitalization
( value shares * number of shares )
- Soaring energy prices
- Launch of chatGPT > AI influences sales and marketing

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2
Q

What are the current threads for global trade?

A
  • Pandemics = impact on globalization, diverse opinions
  • Politics and wars > trade war between US and China, Russia gets isolated from the western world, brands react (especially in Europe)
  • Singular events like the block of the Suez canal
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3
Q

How to describe international marketing?

A

= marketing activities a company undertakes when it conducts business operations in more than one country
> design and realize market activities for customers located in more than one country
> establish favourable conditions to implement activities across countries

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4
Q

What are groups of conditions along the international market environment?

A
  • Technological market conditions
  • Political-legal market conditions
  • Socialcultural market conditions
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5
Q

Explain the technological market conditions.

A

ICT and amount of internet users –> affect the best way of targeting people.

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6
Q

Explain the political legal market conditions.

A
  • Free trade zones / tarrifs
  • Cross-national harmonization of legal regulations ex. GDPR
  • Country risks measured by=
    > ICRG index for political risks and economic and financial risks
    > Corruption perception index (abuse of power for gains)
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7
Q

Explain the socialcultural market conditions.

A

Culture = collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another.
> Hofstede”s 6 cultural dimensions = research project from IBM about national culture differences across subsidiaries of a multinational corporation in 64 countries.

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8
Q

Give the 6 dimensions of Hofstede

A

1) Power distance
2) Individualism VS collectivism
3) Masculinity VS feminity
4) Uncertainty avoidance
5) Long termism VS short termism
6) Indulgence VS restrained

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9
Q

Explain the Hofstede dimension “power distance”

A

Extent in which individuals are willing to accept inequality in their society
> High score = differences in wealth are accepted ex. Japan
> Low score = inequality is not easily accepted ex. Sweden

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10
Q

Explain the Hofstede dimension “individualism VS collectivism”

A

Extent to which people in a society are focused on individual achievements and accomplishments as opposed to the overal success of the group to which they belong
> Indiv = focus on people’s interests and success, you get rewarded for own initiative and ability to be independent
> Collect = interests of the group are highly rewarded, you get rewarded for good teamwork

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11
Q

Explain the Hofstede dimension “masculinty VS feminity”

A

Extent to which a society tends to empathize maculine values like succes and performance or feminine values like nurturing and care for others
>Masc = Japan
>Fem = Scandinavia

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12
Q

Explain the Hofstede dimension “uncertainty avoidance”

A

Extent to which indiv expect to be guided by formal rules and regulations
> High in Belgium (structure and regulation expectede)
> Low in UK, Sweden (no to bureacracy, emrace situations with unknown consequences, risk taking)

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13
Q

Explain the Hofstede dimension “long termism VS short termism”

A

Extent of importance attached to the future VS the past and present
> LONG = perseverance, sense of shame, long term horizon in investment decisions (Japan)
> SHORT = valuing more and rapid solutions to solve issues, only quarterly profit expectations in business (mostly less developed nations)

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14
Q

Explain the Hofstede dimension “indulgence VS restrained”

A

Extent to which a society allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human desires related to enjoying life and having fun
> Indulgence = focus on happiness and wellbeing, importance for leisure and freedom (Mexico)
> Restrained = perception that life is hard, normal state of being is duty (Germany)

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15
Q

Explain the specific relation between a few cultural dimensions and marketing concepts

A
  • Uncertainty avoidance — customer innovativeness
  • Masculinty +++ customer innovativeness
  • Individualism +++ customer innovativeness
  • Power distance belief — impulsive buying
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16
Q

Explain Hall’s differentiation in sociocultural market conditions

A

Context of communication = first criterium
> LOW CONTEXT
Great importance of spoken and written word, what is meant is being said, context of communication is not important
Ex. USA, Australia, Germany
> HIGH CONTEXT
Great importance of facial expressions, gestures and intonations
Context is very relevant and a lot remains unspoken
Ex. China, Japan, Latin America

17
Q

Importance of culture and communication for marketing

A
  • Communication decisions
  • Launching of product innovations
  • Co-branding strategies
  • Managers leadership behavior
  • Employees cultural intelligence is relevant for transnational negotiation, customer loyalty and perceived service quality
18
Q

Explain the relation between language and patience

A

Some languages are futureless in verbs (like Dutch), future seems less far away, burden of patience seems less strong

19
Q

Explain the values that drive status in markets

A

Established
- Traditional (sense of duty)
- Modernisation (Individualism, self-actualisation and pleasure)
- Re-orientation
Emerging
- Traditional (to belong: rules, norms, authority)
- Adaptation (to advance in quality of life)
- Modernity (to indulge, self centered)
Combination of those values with levels of status create boxes where internatinal buying behavior can be placed in.

20
Q

Explain product preferences in different cultures with examples

A

Some countries have special preferences on products –> essentiel information for marketing and companies.
Ex. Spain: more liquid yoghurt
Ex. Muslim countries: little demand for pork (beef)

21
Q

Explain the country of origin effect

A

The country of origin from a product influences its image among customers in different countries in a positive or negative way.
Ex. Belgian beer

22
Q

Explain ethnocentrism

A

Customer groups rate image and quality of products from their own country as more positive than products manufactured elsewhere.
> Preference for domestic products
> Political exploitation

23
Q

Explain the experiment around foreign brand names

A

3 kind of wacthes:
- Congruent (french name and made in france)
- Incongruent developed (french name and made in developed country)
- Incongruent emerging (french name and made in emerging country)
» Incongruence is no problem for simple products, but it is for luxury. In luxury: lowest purchase for incongruent emerging information.

24
Q

Explain international market segmentation

A
  • Countries as segments > Benelux, Balkan
  • Segments that exist in every country > students
  • Country-specific segments
25
Q

Explain the convergence hypothesis of Levitt and its resistance

A

Cross national convergence to the same buying patterns.
Why?
> Similar demographic developments in industrial countries
> Intensive interaction with other cultures
> Improvement in transportation
> Standardization of products and services
> Emergence of global customer industries
Resistance
> Also return to local specialities
> Growing local preferences
> Differences in culturally shaped value systems