Global 1

Question 1

How were early humans’ lives impacted by the domestication of goats?

A. They could defend themselves from invaders.

B. They had a way to build better buildings.

C. They had a new method of transportation.

D. They had a new source of food.

Answer 1

D

With the domestication of goats, early humans had a new source of food. They could use goats for milk and meat. When people started raising their own animals, they no longer had to rely solely on hunting as their source of meat.

Question 2

Hunter-gatherers changed their landscapes to either encourage or discourage plant growth or to provide habitat for animals they hunted. Which of these systems did early Stone Age people use?

A. cultivation and fallow
B. cross-pollination
C. canals and drainage
D. slash and burn

Answer 2

D

Slash and burn (cutting and burning) was used not only to clear fields for agriculture in the late Stone Age but was also used in the early Stone Age by hunters-gatherers to change the landscape to encourage useful plants to grow. They would also slash and burn the landscape to discourage the growth of undesirable plants or to create an environment that would attract their prey.

Question 3

Humans’ main source of food during the early Paleolithic Era was

A. from the sea.
B. from raising livestock and cattle.
C. from farming and growing crops.
D. from hunting and gathering.

Answer 3

D

Early humans got their food by hunting animals or scavenging dead animals and gathering foods such as nuts, berries, and fruits. A lack of agricultural skills required them to depend upon what they could find to eat.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes selective breeding?

A. choosing to breed animals with favorable traits
B. being largely uninvolved in the breeding process
C. randomly choosing which animals to breed
D. breeding as many animals as possible

Answer 4

A

The domestication of animals involved breeding animals with certain traits that were desired. By carefully selecting which animals to breed, people could choose to breed animals that might be stronger, produce more meat or milk, or be tamer.

Question 5

Which of the following were the first tools that Paleolithic people used?

A. stone axes
B. plows
C. copper axes
D. wooden digging sticks

Answer 5

D

The first tools that humans used were wooden sticks to dig roots and tubers out of the ground. The use of tools is one of the first technological advancements of the early humans.

Question 6

The development of agriculture led to

A. an increase in the number of nomads.
B. more reliable sources of food.
C. a decrease in population.
D. less sophisticated societies.

Answer 6

B

The development of agriculture gave the people of the Neolithic Era a more reliable source of food. People no longer had to rely on hunting and gathering their food. By growing crops and raising animals, people were able to establish permanent settlements and develop civilizations.

Question 7

In which country did Buddhism originate?

A. Japan

B. Russia

C. Egypt

D. India

Answer 7

D

Buddhism is based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhartha Guatama. He lived in India around 500 B.C. The religion spread from India to other parts of Asia, in part because the Silk Road made it possible for people to travel over long distances.

Question 8

On which of these character traits is Confucianism based?

A. justice

B. courage

C. honesty

D. love

Answer 8

C

Confucianism is based on different levels of honesty. The first level of honesty is Li—a person is honest because it benefits them. The second level is Yi—a person is honest out of obligation or duty. The third and deepest level is Ren—honesty out of consideration for what others may think or feel.

Question 9

Which of the following is one way that the people living in Mesopotamia adapted to their physical environment?

A. They used crop rotation to maintain the soil.

B. They built canals to irrigate their crops.

C. They planted huge forests to have a source for wood.

D. They used terrace farming in the mountains.

Answer 9

D

Question 10

Muslim scientists made major advances in the field of optics. This helped them to treat which part of the body?

A. the ears

B. the lungs

C. the heart

D. the eyes

Answer 10

D

Muslim scientist Ibn al-Haytham wrote the Book of Optics which included new discoveries on how vision works. Because Muslim scientists understood how eyes worked, they made advances in eye surgery. This was one of the many contributions that Muslim scientists made to the field of medicine.

Question 11

What caused Christianity to spread to Britain, Ireland, and northern Europe?

A. Most Christians migrated north to escape the Roman Empire.

B. Christian emperors from Rome conquered these regions.

C. Missionaries brought Christian teachings to these places.

D. People read about Christianity in books and other writings.

Answer 11

C

Catholic missionaries spread their Christian teachings to different parts of the world. In about the 5th century, these teachings began to take a firm hold in Ireland, Britain, and northern Europe. Catholicism continued to influence these areas through the Middle Ages.

Question 12

Kublai Khan was successful in which of the following during his time as the Great Khan?

A. He agreed to share power with other Khans in order to rule more territory in Asia.

B. He completed successful invasions of Japan, Vietnam, and the Korean peninsula.

C. He conquered the last of the Song Dynasty and brought China under Mongol rule.

D. He united the Mongol tribes into a single empire and conquered neighboring lands.

Answer 12

C

Kublai Khan began his conquest of areas of China even before he was named Great Khan. Following his rise to power, he continued his campaign and eventually succeeded. In 1279, the Song Dynasty was defeated and Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in China.

Question 13

Which of the following factors contributed to Axum’s rise in power?

A. It was able to conquer neighboring civilizations because of its strong military.

B. It was located on an important trade route linking the Roman Empire with India.

C. It was the home of a large university and many scholars came there to study.

D. It was the most technologically advanced society at the time.

Answer 13

B

The Kingdom of Axum grew in wealth and power because of its location on a major trade route between the Roman Empire and India. An inland trading route brought African goods such as ivory, incense, and gold to the city of Adulis, a port on the Red Sea. Most African exports came through this city.

Question 14

Which of these is a defining element of the Renaissance?

A. the return to the Dark Ages

B. the return to “classical” thought

C. the dominance of feudalism

D. the return to idol worship

Answer 14

B

The Renaissance brought back many of the components of “classical” Greek society: love for art, literature, and the pursuit of humanism.

Question 15

The Ming Dynasty came to power in 1368 A.D. While in power, several of the rulers started projects to revitalize and rebuild China. An example of this is

A. an introduction of art into Chinese society.

B. a resurgence of traditional social practices.

C. the rebuilding of the Great Wall of China.

D. the reconstruction of the Shaolin temple.

Answer 15

C

During the reign of the Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, many revitalization projects were attempted. One example is the restoration of the collapsed areas and additions to the length of the Great Wall of China. As a result of the new construction, the Great Wall is over 2,000 miles long, 25 feet high, and 12 feet wide at the top.

Question 16

What was the effect of Christopher Columbus’ discovery of the West Indies in 1492?

A. Europe decided to isolate itself from the rest of the world.

B. Other European countries sent explorers to claim land in the New World.

C. The native people began sailing across the Atlantic to trade with Europe.

D. Spain eventually gained control over all of North and South America.

Answer 16

B

After Columbus’ discovery of the New World, other European nations began sponsoring explorations of their own. In 1497, John Cabot, who was sailing for the English, explored Newfoundland. In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River while looking for the Northwest Passage. In 1609, the Dutch sent Henry Hudson to find the Northwest Passage.

Question 17

Caesar Augustus’ reign had several achievements that included

A. making Christianity an official religion of the Roman Empire.

B. setting up special courts for Roman slaves to regain their freedom.

C. making military service voluntary for men between ages 18 and 40.

D. expanding the empire and extending trade routes to India and China.

Answer 17

D

Caesar Augustus used his power to expand the empire to easily defended, natural borders which remained in place for the next 400 years. He also established trade routes to the Far East, bringing to Rome exotic goods like silk and spices.

Question 18

Sunni Muslims believe that, after the death of the Prophet Mohammed, the new leader of the Muslim nation should be

A. Mohammed’s brother.

B. chosen by Mohammed.

C. a descendant of Mohammed.

D. elected by the community.

Answer 18

D

Sunni Muslims refer to many oral traditions in which Mohammed is said to have suggested elections as ways of making decisions in the Muslim community. Mohammed did not appoint a successor, so the Muslim community chose Abu Bakr, a close friend and advisor of Mohammed, as the new leader.

Question 19

The cart, the wagon, the chariot, and a new type of pottery are related to which general invention?

A. bronze working

B. the wheel

C. the plow

D. irrigation

Answer 19

B

Ancient Sumer may have been the first civilization to use the wheel. Sumerian pottery wheels made the practice of pottery easier, wheeled carts and wagons helped carry things, and early wheeled chariots let soldiers move faster in battle.

Question 20

Which of these describes the Sunnah?

A. reflections on the Islamic legal system

B. the words spoken to Muhammad by Allah

C. reports on the actions and behaviors of Muhammad

D. the sacred text of the Islamic religion

Answer 20

C

Within the sacred text of the Islamic faith, there is a text known as the Sunnah. This text includes hundreds of individual reports on the actions and behaviors of Muhammad during his lifetime. Each of the reports is known as a Hadith.

Question 21

The responsibility of vassals included

A. an agreement to keep the lower classes under control.

B. the payment of taxes to the king or queen of the country.

C. the promise to spread the Christian faith to their lands.

D. an oath of loyalty and a pledge of military service.

Answer 21

D

The vassal’s submission to the authority of the lord and his willingness to provide military support formed the basis of medieval politics. This oath of loyalty was made official in a ceremony, in which the vassal pledged to pay homage to the lord or monarch. The lord, in turn, provided land to the vassal.

Question 22

Elizabeth I ensured that England was able to rule itself as a nation-state and stay separate from which of the following?

A. the Church of England

B. the Spanish Inquisition

C. the Italian Renaissance

D. the Catholic Church

Answer 22

D

During the Middle Ages and even into the early modern period, the Catholic Church had enormous power in Europe and ruled many of the countries there, even if indirectly. England is an example of a such a country as the Catholic Church had a large influenced there until the mid-1500s. Henry VIII is well-known for his break with the Church, which established his rule over England without outside interference. His daughter, Elizabeth I, continued these policies, protecting England’s right to govern itself as a sovereign nation-state.

Question 23

Which of the following was a result of the Muslim Conquests?

A. Muslims were thought of as peaceful and unwilling to fight.

B. Muslims became known as brutal and cruel invaders.

C. Islam lost influence as Arabs converted to local religions.

D. Islam was spread throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Answer 23

D

Islam began in the Arab cities of Mecca and Medina, from where it expanded to the entire Arabian peninsula. Sometimes Islam spread through peaceful traders, but other times it was spread through war. After Muhammad’s death, other Muslim leaders continued expanding by conquering the Middle East, Persia, Southeastern Europe, North Africa, and Spain. When Muslim armies conquered an area, they brought the religion of Islam with them. Unlike other invaders, the Muslims did not force conquered people to convert; they only required non-Muslims to pay a tax.

Question 24

Which of the following people called on all Christian warriors to fight against the Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land?

A. Pope Urban II

B. Charlemagne

C. Richard the Lionheart

D. Saladin

Answer 24

A

In the 600s AD, the Holy Land in the Middle East fell to Arab invaders. At first, Christians and Jews were allowed to live in Jerusalem, a holy city, as long as they paid taxes and followed certain restrictions. In the late 1000s AD, however, the Seljuk Turks captured the city and threatened the cities of the Byzantine Empire, a Christian empire near the Middle East. In 1095 AD, Pope Urban II called for an army of Christian warriors to go retake this land, resulting in the First Crusade.

Question 25

Prince Shotoku was known to help spread which of the following religions throughout Japan? ## Footnote A. Buddhism B. Shintoism C. Taoism D. Christianity

Answer 25

A Buddhism spread through Japan largely because of the influence of Prince Shotoku. He was a Buddhist and wanted more people to embrace the religion. Buddhism was not a new religion in Japan at this time, but it was not very popular and people were more likely to stick to the traditional Shinto beliefs. Prince Shotoku, however, attempted to change this by building a Buddhist temple and by writing commentaries on Buddhist teachings. During his reign, Buddhist ideas became very popular with Japanese nobles.

Question 26

Because of its location, Mogadishu became a major port and center of trade off which body of water? ## Footnote A. the Indian Ocean B. the Black Sea C. the Pacific Ocean D. the Mediterranean Sea

Answer 26

A Mogadishu was a major port on the Indian Ocean. Mogadishu was one of several important Muslim city-states that was located on the east coast of Africa. Shipping routes linked Mogadishu to other cities on the Indian Ocean. Mogadishu was able to trade for goods from India and trade with other city-states in Africa.

Question 27

Which of the following led to the decline of the Axum Empire in the 7th century A.D.? ## Footnote A. Disease spread through the empire killing a large amount of the population. B. The people of Axum became displeased with their king and revolted against him. C. Axum had grown so large it was having difficulties maintaining control over vast distances. D. Muslims conquered other areas in Africa and cut off Axum from its lucrative trade routes.

Answer 27

D Although Axum was never conquered, the Muslim conquest of neighboring areas impacted the empire. Axum was a Christian empire, and it became isolated as surrounding areas became Muslim. Muslims eventually took over the trade routes which had been a major source of income for Axum.

Question 28

The Ming Dynasty stopped sea exploration and contact with other countries in order to ## Footnote A. distance China from foreign influences. B. increase China's domestic profits. C. revitalize the Chinese trade system. D. focus on expanding Chinese territory.

Answer 28

A Several emperors of the Ming Dynasty desired China to be a nation independent from the rest of the world. One Ming emperor ended foreign trade, Chinese exploration, and cut China off from the world so that it could be separate from European influences and preserve Chinese traditions.

Question 29

Which of the following was one of the effects of the Ottoman Empire taking over the trade routes that connected Europe with Asia? ## Footnote A. Europeans began producing more goods to export to Asia. B. Europeans were completely cut off from trading with Asia. C. Europeans began looking for new sea routes to Asia. D. Traders from Asia began selling their goods directly to Europeans.

Answer 29

C The Ottoman Empire was in an important location because the trade routes from Europe to Asia went through the empire. Europeans imported many goods from Asia such as silk and spices. These goods were transported over land routes from Asia, and the goods were quite expensive by the time they reached Asia. Europeans became interested in trading directly with Asia and began looking for new sea routes to Asia.

Question 30

Much of the terrain of the Inca Empire was mountainous. How did this affect crop growing in empire? ## Footnote A. Incas were not able to grow crops because the climate was too cold. B. Incas were only able to grow crops in flat, low-lying areas. C. Incas grew a small amount of crops but relied on imports to feed most people. D. Incas used terrace farming on the sides of hills and mountains.

Answer 30

D Even though the Incas did have much land that was suited for farming, they were able to adapt to their mountainous terrain by building terrace farms. They were able to increase the amount of land on which they could farm, and they were able to grow enough food to feed themselves.

Question 31

Which of the following religions was embraced by Emperor Ashoka (also known as Ashoka the Great)? ## Footnote A. Islam B. Buddhism C. Hinduism D. Jainism

Answer 31

B ## Footnote Emperor Ashoka, also known as Ashoka the Great, expanded the Mauryan Empire during the early parts of his rule. He had a religious awakening after a particularly violent conquest of an area known as Kalinga. Though he was successful in conquering the area, the violence disturbed him. In response, he turned away from war and violence in general, embracing the ideals of Buddhism.

Question 32

At the end of the last ice age, as glaciers retreated in northern Europe, what caused people to move north into the areas uncovered by the ice sheets? ## Footnote A. Invaders from the Middle East pushed people farther north. B. Glacial till (debris) provided building materials for houses. C. Rising water in the south forced people to higher ground. D. Animal herds moved north, and hunter-gatherers followed.

Answer 32

D ## Footnote As the glaciers retreated, animals the hunter-gatherers hunted moved into the open areas to graze. People followed them, and as the animals continued to move north, societies moved with them and eventual settled there to be close to their prey.

Question 33

Which of the following best describes cuneiform, the writing system used by the Mesopotamians? ## Footnote A. It is the first known use of an alphabet. B. It was only used in religious texts. C. It is the basis of most modern writing systems. D. It used pictographs to express ideas.

Answer 33

D ## Footnote Cuneiform did not use an alphabet but used pictographs instead. Cuneiform was used to keep track of various items such as business transactions and tax records.

Question 34

Which of these describes a central belief of Christianity? ## Footnote A. agnosticism B. monotheism C. polytheism D. pantheism

Answer 34

B ## Footnote Monotheism is the belief in one God. It is an important part of Christianity. Christians believe in the same God in which the Jews believe.

Question 35

Which of the following religions was particularly important to the Tang Dynasty? ## Footnote A. Buddhism B. Christianity C. Hinduism D. Islam

Answer 35

A ## Footnote Buddhism was particularly important to the Tang Dynasty. Though Buddhism first came to China from India during the Han Dynasty, it grew in importance so much before and during the Tang Dynasty that the era from 400 CE to 845 CE is referred to as the Age of Buddhism.

Question 36

One way in which the Muslims preserved the teachings of other cultures was by ## Footnote A. only using Latin and Greek to communicate. B. requiring all Muslims to be able to read. C. creating the world's first public education system. D. translating ancient texts into Arabic.

Answer 36

D ## Footnote In 830, Muslim scholars started the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. Here, scholars translated texts from other cultures into Arabic. They are credited with preserving many texts that might otherwise have been lost.

Question 37

The Catholic Church in Europe was responsible for building some of the earliest ## Footnote A. castles. B. nurseries. C. town halls. D. universities.

Answer 37

D ## Footnote The Catholic Church was responsible for building some of the earliest universities in Europe during the Middle Ages. These universities were generally led by Catholic religious leaders. They taught religion, but they also taught subjects such as astronomy and law.

Question 38

The Japanese peasants were similar to ## Footnote A. the Chinese emperors. B. the European lords. C. the European serfs. D. the European vassals.

Answer 38

C ## Footnote The daimyos were the nobles who ran the estates according to the shoguns' rules. The peasants paid taxes to the daimyos in the form of rice and work. In European feudalism, the serfs were the peasants who worked on it to have a place to live.

Question 39

Mali and Ghana in West Africa were Muslim kingdoms in the Middle Ages. Which of the following statements explains how Islam was able to replace African religious beliefs? ## Footnote A. Christianity was prohibited in North Africa following war with Italy. B. Muslims would only trade with other Muslims and forced Africans to convert. C. Slaves from the south brought Islam with them during the slave trade. D. Traders in Africa had contact with Arabia and converted to Islam.

Answer 39

D ## Footnote Because of the cross-Saharan trade, North African traders had close contact with Muslims traders in Arabia. As North Africans traded toward the east and Muslims traded west, Islam spread across northern Africa into Mali and Ghana.

Question 40

During the Renaissance, a new intellectual movement known as humanism evolved. What was the significance of the humanist movement? ## Footnote A. Humanists felt formal education was impractical and unnecessary; therefore, many schools were closed. B. Humanists were very interested in religious studies and sought to increase the influence of the Church. C. Humanists were inspired by classical texts and emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual. D. Humanists spread the teachings of Eastern philosophers such as Confucius throughout Europe.

Answer 40

C ## Footnote The humanists had a renewed interest in classical learning and began reading the ancient texts of Greece and Rome, texts that had been largely ignored for centuries. The humanists focused on secular or worldly ideas, which marked a shift in intellectual thought which had been mainly focused on religious ideas. The humanists believed in the dignity and worth of the individual person and emphasized individual accomplishment.

Question 41

The Ming Dynasty came to power in 1368 A.D. While in power, several of the rulers started projects to revitalize and rebuild China. An example of this restoration process is ## Footnote A. the rebuilding of the Great Wall of China. B. a resurgence of traditional social practices. C. the reconstruction of the Shaolin temple. D. an introduction of art into Chinese society.

Answer 41

A ## Footnote During the reign of the Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, many revitalization projects were attempted. One example is the restoration of the collapsed areas and additions to the length of the Great Wall of China. As a result of the new construction, the Great Wall is over 2,000 miles long, 25 feet high, and 12 feet wide at the top.

Question 42

What was the capital city of the Ottoman Empire? ## Footnote A. Istanbul B. Damascus C. Cairo D. Rome

Answer 42

A ## Footnote Istanbul was the capital city of the Ottoman Empire. It also served as the capital city of the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire before the Ottoman Turks came to power.

Question 43

Which of the following was a farming technique used by Aztecs? ## Footnote A. They grew crops on small plots of land surrounded by water. B. They used oxen to plow their fields. C. They used the three-field system of crop rotation. D. They grew all of their crops inside greenhouses.

Answer 43

A ## Footnote The Aztecs did not have much land that was suitable for farming, so they built chinampas in their lakes and grew their crops on them. Chinampas, or "floating gardens," allowed the Aztecs to feed the large number of people in their empire.

Question 44

Which of these statements is true about the achievements of the ancient Mayans? ## Footnote A. The ancient Mayans developed a calendar of great accuracy and complexity. B. The ancient Mayans developed the world's first telescope. C. The ancient Mayans were the first civilization to study farming and agriculture. D. The ancient Mayans invented gunpowder and used it in many types of weapons.

Answer 44

A ## Footnote The Mayans developed two highly accurate and complex calendars. One calendar had 260 days and was used for religious reasons. The other was a 365-day calendar which was used for farming.

Question 45

Ancient Egyptian architecture is characterized by ## Footnote A. mostly wood construction made from timber. B. giant blocks of sandstone carved into large buildings. C. mud bricks held together with a limestone mortar. D. blocks of stone or mud brick made without mortar.

Answer 45

D ## Footnote The materials used in ancient Egypt were mostly large blocks of mud bricks or stone that were cut precisely to fit together without the use of mortar (such as the pyramids). Ancient Egyptian engineers used mathematics and technology in addition to the labor of thousands of people to make their grand structures.

Question 46

What effect did Emperor Ashoka have on Buddhism? ## Footnote A. He outlawed every religion except Buddhism. B. He spread Buddhism to areas outside of India. C. He led a reformation of the Buddhist religion. D. He arrested and attacked Buddhists in his empire.

Answer 46

B ## Footnote After Emperor Ashoka converted to Buddhism, he supported the religion in his empire. He also sent Buddhist missionaries to many different kingdoms. This allowed Buddhism to spread to areas that were outside of India.

Question 47

Which made Chinese exploration of the Indian Ocean possible? ## Footnote A. advances in sailing and shipbuilding techniques B. several trade agreements between India and China C. the establishment of the Silk Road D. the Chinese' victory over the Vietnamese

Answer 47

A ## Footnote During the rule of the Tang dynasty, China began to travel throughout the Indian Ocean. The Chinese were able to explore the distant ocean due to advancements in sailing technology and shipbuilding techniques. The new technology made it possible for the Chinese to begin trading with countries around the Indian Ocean.

Question 48

Which of the following would most likely be found in Byzantine art? ## Footnote A. marble statues of Roman gods B. portraits of ordinary people C. mosaics of Christian religious figures D. woven tapestries of emperors

Answer 48

C ## Footnote Christianity was the official religion of the Byzantine Empire, and many Byzantine works of art reflected the religious beliefs of the culture. Mosaics were often used to decorate churches and other buildings. Mosaics are made with numerous tiny pieces of colored glass or stone.

Question 49

Which of the following best describes the studies of Muslim philosophers during the Middle Ages? ## Footnote A. They were influenced by philosophers such as Aristotle and by the teachings of Islam. B. They were highly influenced by Confucius and other Chinese philosophers. C. They only read the Qur'an and other works that had been written by Muslims. D. They studied Thomas Aquinas and other Christian philosophers of the Middle Ages.

Answer 49

A ## Footnote Muslim philosophers such as Averroes and Avicenna studied the works of ancient philosophers such Aristotle. They were most influenced by their Islamic faith. They found many similarities between the teachings of Islam and the teachings of ancient philosophers.

Question 50

Which of these statements about the Crusades is true? ## Footnote A. Crusaders were welcomed by Muslims, who wanted help driving the Jews from the Holy Land. B. Trade diminished across Europe as fighting destroyed roads and bridges. C. The goal of the four Crusades was the recapture the city of Jerusalem. D. Crusaders brought Islamic culture, architecture, and medicine back to Europe.

Answer 50

D ## Footnote The Crusades helped increase contact between Europe and the Middle East. Islamic culture and arts had a great impact on Europe during and following the Crusades. Knowledge of medicine and mathematics led to increases in education. New routes were established between Europe and the Holy Land, which led to improved roads, increased travel, and more trade between the two areas.

Question 51

What economic characteristics were shared by feudal Europe and Asia? ## Footnote A. Their economies were mostly industrial and relied on scientific discovery and technological innovations. B. The peasant classes inherited the lands, wealth, and power of the nobility classes. C. The military classes revolted and banded together to seize power from the rulers for themselves. D. Their economies were mostly agricultural, so land ownership was a sign of social status and a source of income.

Answer 51

D ## Footnote The economy of feudal Europe was agricultural. The society was based wealth and power on land ownership. Feudal Japan was an agricultural society. It depended upon the peasants and the artisans to produce goods in small quantities at slow rates.

Question 52

Which of the following would have been a function of medieval guilds? ## Footnote A. finding new foreign markets in which to sell goods made by member craftsmen B. serving as a judicial system that settled disputes between merchants and consumers C. establishing standards and prices for goods made by member craftsmen D. coming up with new products for craftsmen to make

Answer 52

C ## Footnote Trade organizations known as guilds were formed during the Middle Ages. Groups of craftsmen, such as tailors or blacksmiths, would join together and establish rules regarding their profession. Guilds would establish prices for goods, wages, and quality standards. Guilds also had a system of apprenticeships in which people would learn a craft from a master craftsman.

Question 53

The first Bantu-speaking people lived in what is now Nigeria and Cameroon. Bantu-speaking people began migrating south and east out of this area. What was the effect of this migration? ## Footnote A. The Bantus created the most powerful empire in western Africa. B. The Bantus converted other Africans to Christianity. C. The Bantu culture spread out of Africa to Asia. D. The Bantu language was spread throughout Africa.

Answer 53

D ## Footnote As a result of the Bantu migrations, people throughout sub-Saharan Africa speak Bantu languages. The Bantu languages are hundreds of languages spoken in Africa that are part of the same language family because they originated from one language called Proto-Bantu.

Question 54

In 1644, the Manchus conquered the Ming dynasty and established the Qing dynasty. Which of the following statements is true regarding the Manchus in China? ## Footnote A. The Manchus were incompetent rulers who could not maintain order. B. The Manchus tolerated different cultures, and many foreigners moved to China. C. The Manchus adopted many Chinese customs in order to gain acceptance. D. The Manchus forced the Chinese to stop practicing all of their customs.

Answer 54

C ## Footnote The Manchus ruled China from 1644 until 1911. Although they were not Chinese, they adopted many Chinese customs and traditions in order to gain approval of the Chinese people they were ruling.

Question 55

Which was one of the ways that Suleiman I impacted the Ottoman legal system? ## Footnote A. He reformed the legal system and issued new laws to reduce corruption. B. He decided to use Roman laws as the basis for Ottoman laws. C. He implemented numerous laws that people thought were unfair. D. He created new laws that conflicted with the teachings of Islam.

Answer 55

A ## Footnote Suleiman I is also known as Suleiman the Lawgiver because of the changes he made to the Ottoman legal system. He simplified the existing laws and made new laws that were meant to prevent corruption.

Question 56

Which of the following was one of the jobs that many slaves performed in the Americas? ## Footnote A. They worked on plantations. B. They worked as artists. C. They worked for colonial armies. D. They worked as merchants.

Answer 56

A ## Footnote Many slaves were used as labor on plantations throughout the Americas. Sugar, cotton, and tobacco were all crops grown on plantations and then shipped to Europe.

Question 57

Which city was the capital of the Inca Empire? ## Footnote A. Tikal B. Tenochtitlan C. Cuzco D. Chichen Itza

Answer 57

C ## Footnote Founded around 1200 A.D., Cuzco was the capital of the Inca Empire. Cuzco was connected to other parts of the empire by a network of roads and trails.

Question 58

The most prosperous time in the Han Dynasty was under the leadership of Emperor Wudi. The empire extended as far west as Kyrgyzstan and included Vietnam and the Korean Peninsula. This was accomplished by ## Footnote A. wars with neighboring kingdoms designed to consolidate Han power. B. helping allies who were attacked and then turning against the allies. C. extending trade routes along the Silk Road and into the Himalayas. D. entering into treaties with the rulers of nearby kingdoms.

Answer 58

A ## Footnote As the Han Dynasty gained wealth and power under Emperor Wudi, it flexed its strength through wars with its neighbors. Sometimes Wu would support an ally against a common enemy and then demand tribute or Wu would attack other kingdoms before they could attack him.

Question 59

What was the cause of civilizations being able to have a division of labor, so that not everyone was working on agriculture? ## Footnote A. Civilizations had large armies. B. Civilizations had food surpluses. C. Civilizations had small populations. D. Civilizations had written languages.

Answer 59

B ## Footnote Early societies usually did not have extra food, and every person was needed to obtain food. Farming allowed civilizations to develop large quantities of food and save it. Because even a small number of farmers could produce enough to feed the civilization, other people were free to work jobs such as tool-making, weaving, or trading.

Question 60

What is the name of the earliest known writing system, which was developed in Mesopotamia? ## Footnote A. papyrus B. cuneiform C. calligraphy D. hieroglyphics

Answer 60

B ## Footnote Cuneiform was developed by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, and it is the oldest known writing system. Like hieroglyphics, cuneiform uses pictographs, which are pictures that serve as symbols.

Question 61

During the first three centuries of Christianity, what relationship did the early Christians have with officials of the Roman Empire? ## Footnote A. Christians were taxed more than any other religion in Rome. B. Christians were usually promoted to official Roman positions. C. Christians were persecuted under several Roman emperors. D. Christians were the only legal citizens of the Roman Empire.

Answer 61

C ## Footnote The Romans, under emperors like Nero and Diocletian, persecuted Christianity at various times during the first 300 years of its existence. During the worst of the persecution, Christian churches and books were burned, and several Christians were killed for their beliefs. Instead of destroying Christianity, however, these actions made it stronger because other people were inspired by the Christians' bravery and faith.

Question 62

In 589 CE, Yang Jian conquered the areas of Southern China and officially brought an end to which of the following periods? ## Footnote A. Spring and Autumn Period B. Period of Disunion C. Warring States Period D. Three Kingdoms

Answer 62

B ## Footnote The Period of Disunion immediately preceded the establishment of the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty in China. This period began with the collapse of the Han Dynasty in 220 CE. After the fall of the Han, military leaders split China into many small, rival kingdoms. China was eventually reunited in 589 CE by a military leader from northern China named Yang Jian, also known as Emperor Wendi, who then worked to build a centralized Chinese government.

Question 63

In 726 A.D., Byzantine emperor Leo III banned the use of icons, or religious images. This was one of several controversies that contributed to the ## Footnote A. Byzantine Empire's creation of the separation of church and state. B. banning of the practice of any religion other than Christianity in the empire. C. split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. D. weakening of the Church and the rise of Islam within the Byzantine Empire.

Answer 63

C ## Footnote The controversy over the use of icons was just one of the issues that divided leaders of the Church in Rome and in Constantinople. Some leaders of the Church in the East felt that icons promoted the worship of idols, while the Church in the West did not have a problem with icons. Also, the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople did not agree on their roles within the Church. The disagreements between Church leaders in the East and the West eventually led to the division of the Church. In 1054, the Church split into the Roman Catholic Church based in Rome and the Eastern Orthodox Church based in Constantinople.

Question 64

* successful merchant * deeply religious man * heard revelations from Allah Who is described above? A. Muhammad B. Jesus Christ C. Moses D. Vishnu

Answer 64

A ## Footnote Muhammad was born around 570 and grew up to have a successful career as a merchant in Mecca. He was a deeply religious man who often took retreats for long periods of time for religious reflections. It was during one of the retreats where he claimed to have awoken from a sleep in the presence of an angel. The angel commanded him to speak revelations from Allah—God. These words became the first verses of Muhammad's scripture, eventually leading to the rise of Islam.

Question 65

Manorialism can best be described as ## Footnote A. the process of how a nobleman's son in the Middle Ages could become a knight. B. the land given to monasteries by different governments as a show of loyalty to the Church. C. the political relationships between the king or queen, the nobility, and the peasants. D. the economic ties between the nobles and the peasants who worked on their lands.

Answer 65

D ## Footnote Manorialism can best be defined as the economic relationship between the nobility and the peasants who worked on their lands. A lord would have an estate, or manor, and each estate included the lord's manor house, fields, forest, and the village where the peasants lived. The peasants worked for the lord, and in return, both benefited by having food, shelter, and protection.

Question 66

Confucianism was brought from China in the 12th century. One of the beliefs of Confucianism in Japan is that ## Footnote A. the emperor is descended from a goddess and must be worshipped. B. all things in nature such as the wind, rocks, and sounds are gods. C. when a person dies, he or she is reborn to live another life on earth. D. social responsibility and family stability is required of all people.

Answer 66

D ## Footnote Confucianism is the practice of proper forms of conduct, like how to act with your family or in society. These moral teachings help explain the natural and social order and what it means to be Japanese.

Question 67

The term Pax Mongolica describes ## Footnote A. the guarantee given by the Mongols not to invade India or the Arabian Peninsula. B. the rights and responsibilities of the peoples conquered by the Mongols. C. the treaty agreements the Mongols required of all the peoples that they conquered. D. the period of peace and stability in Asia following the conquest of the Mongols.

Answer 67

D ## Footnote The Pax Mongolica, also known as the Mongol Peace, refers to the period of relative peace and stability in Asia following the conquest of the Mongols. The Mongols created an empire that stretched from the Pacific Ocean to Europe. Once an area was conquered, the Mongols required that the people pay tribute to their new rulers, but local customs were allowed to continue.

Question 68

Now considered a heroine of France, Joan of Arc asserted that she saw visions from God instructing her to ## Footnote A. break away from the Catholic Church. B. recover her homeland from England. C. claim both the French and the English throne. D. save the French from the Black Death.

Answer 68

B ## Footnote Joan of Arc is considered a heroine of France and was declared a saint years after her death. Believing she could hear the voice of God instructing her to save her homeland from England, she led the French army to many victories during the Hundred Years War. At only 19 years of age, Joan of Arc was burned at the stake, as she was thought to have been a witch.

Question 69

One reason for increased social divisions in West Africa was ## Footnote A. written languages. B. war with Egypt and Ethiopia. C. pagans befriending Muslims. D. the spread of Islam.

Answer 69

D ## Footnote The spread of Islam brought social divisions. Groups of Muslims declared holy war, or jihad, against pagan social groups.

Question 70

What was Niccolò Machiavelli's main argument in his work The Prince? ## Footnote A. A ruler should do whatever is necessary to maintain power. B. A ruler should follow all of the teachings of the Catholic Church. C. A ruler should make his subjects as happy as possible. D. A ruler should strive to maintain equality and fairness.

Answer 70

A ## Footnote In Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince, he commented on how governments should rule. Influenced by the political environment that he had observed in Florence and other city states, Machiavelli argued that a ruler should do whatever is necessary, even if that meant violence, in order to maintain control of the state. He argued that it was more important for a ruler to maintain order in the state than for the ruler to be a moral person.

Question 71

In the mid-1400s, the Ming Dynasty began a a shift toward restricting contact with foreign countries. This concept is known as ## Footnote A. moralism B. centralism C. confucianism D. isolationism

Answer 71

D ## Footnote Isolationism can be described as a foreign policy under which a nation avoids contact with other countries. This policy is often pursued if a country desires to remain culturally pure. Isolationism can have many negative effects on a nation's economy and development. This is caused by a lack of knowledge of the world outside the country's borders.

Question 72

Which statement is true of the Ottoman Empire at the height of its power? ## Footnote A. It controlled all the land in Europe. B. It defeated the Austro-Hungarian Empire. C. It controlled territories in three continents. D. It was a vassal state to the Mongols.

Answer 72

C ## Footnote Starting in central Asia, the Ottoman Turks expanded their territory and conquered neighboring areas. At the height of its power, the Ottoman Empire stretched from Southeastern Europe and Western Asia to North Africa.

Question 73

How did the astrolabe help European explorers? ## Footnote A. It was an instrument used to show a ship's speed. B. It enabled explorers to determine their position. C. It was an atlas containing detailed maps of all known lands. D. It allowed sailors to steer their ships better.

Answer 73

B ## Footnote The astrolabe was an instrument that had been used by the ancient Greeks to calculate the position of the sun and stars, but it was perfected by Islamic astronomers around 850 A.D. Eventually, the mariner's astrolabe was developed, and it allowed sailors to determine the latitude of a ship by measuring the position of the sun. The mariner's astrolabe was very useful in navigation.

Question 74

Which of the following was one of the reasons why Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztec Empire, was such a prosperous city? ## Footnote A. The city had a large amount of raw materials and was able to produce everything it needed. B. People from outlying areas sent various goods as tribute to support the empire. C. Since the city was major port, ships brought in goods from different countries. D. Only people who could contribute to the overall wealth of the city were allowed to live there.

Answer 74

B ## Footnote The Aztec Empire was made up of various groups that had been conquered. The conquered people were forced to pay tribute to the empire, and they sent food and other goods to Tenochtitlán. The tribute received in Tenochtitlán added to the city's wealth.

Question 75

The Roman Constitution was ## Footnote A. thrown out by Caesar and replaced with a dictatorship. B. based on 12 written laws and ancient traditions. C. the basis for the United States Constitution. D. written by Rome s founders, Romulus and Remus.

Answer 75

B ## Footnote The Law of the Twelve Tables, along with mos maiorum (traditions of ancestors), were the basis of the Roman constitution. The constitution was not just a statement of law but instead it defined individual rights, similar to a bill of rights.

Question 76

The Paleolithic Era is characterized by ## Footnote A. mass migration from North America to Africa. B. development of clans and tribes. C. the first attempts at raising crops. D. the earliest use of stone tools by humans.

Answer 76

D ## Footnote Humans first used stones like flint and chert to make tools such as arrowheads and knives. Tools gave humans an advantage over the animals they hunted for food and skins.

Question 77

It is believed that the Sumerians originally used their writing system for what purpose? ## Footnote A. to keep records of trade and tax collection B. to write epic works of poetry and literature C. to have a written constitution for their people D. to communicate with the Egyptian kingdoms

Answer 77

A ## Footnote It is difficult to keep track of things without being able to write them down, so the Sumerians developed a writing system to help with record keeping and tax collection. It was only later that the Sumerians and other Mesopotamians wrote great literary works, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Question 78

The political philosophy that people are bad by nature and require someone to control them is known as ## Footnote A. Legalism. B. Daoism. C. Animism. D. Jainism.

Answer 78

A ## Footnote Legalism is a political philosophy, that developed in China around 200 B.C. A key element of the philosophy states that people are born with an evil nature and need someone to rule and guide them. Legalist leaders enforced strict rules on society in order to keep people in line. The philosophy also called for people to hold each other accountable for their actions.

Question 79

During the reign of the Tang dynasty, China ruled over and had great influence on the architecture and military systems of many countries including the kingdoms of ## Footnote A. Cambodia and India. B. Laos and Singapore. C. Japan and Korea. D. Turkey and Russia.

Answer 79

C ## Footnote The Tang dynasty controlled vast amounts of land, including the Asian kingdoms of Japan and Korea. Japan and Korea were required to pay a tribute to China but also benefitted from the Chinese trade route, the Silk Road. Eventually, Japan and Korea revolted from Chinese rule.

Question 80

## Footnote What happened to the Byzantine Empire in the fifth century? A. The empire's economy was strong and continually expanding. B. Its development was impeded by wars and social division. C. The government embraced people of all races and backgrounds. D. Most of the empires' citizens prospered during this time.

Answer 80

B ## Footnote During the early centuries of the Byzantine Empire, invasions and division constantly threatened to destroy the empire. Due to these issues, the empire developed slowly because leaders had to focus their attention on retaining their power and keeping political peace.

Question 81

During the Middle Ages, Muslims made many intellectual contributions. They built upon the knowledge obtained by previous cultures. Much of Islam's scientific advances were based on the scientific knowledge of ## Footnote A. the Mongols. B. the Japanese. C. the Greeks. D. the Mayans.

Answer 81

C ## Footnote The Muslims built upon the intellectual achievements of previous cultures. Learning was very important to them. The Muslims studied the works of other cultures, particularly the Greeks. They also studied the works of the Persian and the Indian civilizations.

Question 82

The Crusades began soon after the Seljuk Turks threatened which of the following Christian nations? ## Footnote A. the Kingdom of France B. the Kingdom of England C. the Holy Roman Empire D. the Byzantine Empire

Answer 82

D ## Footnote The Byzantine Empire was centered in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey) and was the headquarters for Eastern Orthodox Christians. Even though the Byzantines were not Roman Catholics, they requested that the Pope and the Catholic Christian kingdoms help them fight the Muslim Turks.