glob lang theory

Question 1

kachru’s 3 circle model

Answer 1

• inner circle - English is the native language and holds a dominant position in society.
• outer circle - english is an official language used for education, government, and business, often alongside local languages (India, Nigeria, and Kenya)
• expanding circle - english is primarily taught as a foreign language. Its use is growing due to globalisation and international communication. (China, Russia, and Brazil)
• illustrates English’s adaptability and significance in a global context.

Question 2

schneider’s model around post colonial english

Answer 2

• Foundation: english initially introduced by new people (colonisers), only used by them, local langs still prominent
• Exonormative stabilisation: official status in administration and education, adoptd by prestigious,
• Nativisation: new localised variety appears, cultural and linguistic hybridization, bilingualism
• Endonormative stabilisation: part of local identity, added to official sources such as dictionaries, unifying
• Differentiation: diversity and subgenres of english, reflects regional, social, and ethnic diversity

Question 3

mcarthur’s circle of world english

Answer 3

• diversity of English usage worldwide, reflecting cultural influences and the evolution of language.
• recognises the significance of English in a global context, shaping communication in international settings.

Question 4

david crystal

Answer 4

• English is used to communicate - primary role
• Settlers created language to describe what they saw - how american english was created (borrowed words)
• New varieties of english being culturally tailored all the time
• Idioms can contribute to specialised forms of communication
• Intonation can also influence whether another person understands the meaning behind the phrase/word

Question 5

Strevens’ Branch model of English across the world (1980)

Answer 5

• based around postcolonial period’s desire for english in non-english speaking areas
• categorises the various farms and functions of the English language.
• ‘Standard’ and ‘Non-standard’ varieties, reflecting the diversity of English used globally.
• different contexts shape language use.
• English is not monolithic but comprises a spectrum of dialects and sociolects.
• variation influenced by factors such as geography, social status, and purpose.
• English should embrace this diversity, promoting linguistic awareness and adaptability.

Question 6

Prof Jennifer Jenkins’ introduction to the lingua Franca

Answer 6

• english used as a common language among speakers of different native languages - communication rather than strict adherence to norms.
• ELF characterised by its fluidity and adaptability, enabling speakers to negotiate meaning in diverse contexts.
• importance of intelligibility over accuracy
• challenges traditional views of language teaching by encouraging inclusivity and recognising the validity of non-native speech.

Question 7

Mario Saraceni - the metaphor of ‘spread’

Answer 7

• People are not going to speak the same - accomodate to each other rather than try to change language.
• No one owns English
• Prescriptivists believe that the only valid form of English is standard English