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ANAT242 > Glial > Flashcards

Glial Flashcards

1
Q

What do they do?

It appears that there are no neuropathological processes that occur w/out participation of glial cells, specifically … & ….

A

What do they do?

It appears that there are no neuropathological processes that occur w/out participation of glial cells, specifically MICROGLIA & ASTROCYTES

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2
Q

Specific L1 objectives and more

  • To be able to describe the key structural features of oligodendrocytes
  • To be able to discuss the role of oligodendrocytes in maintaining neuronal energy supply
  • Be able to describe the consequences of glial cell dysfunction
A

ewfgr

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3
Q

MCT1 - … plasma membrane MCT1

MCT2 - … plasma membrane under myelin

Belong to a family of plasma membrane ….

  • Carry molecules with one carboxylate group (….), eg lactate & pyruvate, across biological membranes
A

MCT1 - OLIGO plasma membrane MCT1

MCT2 - AXON plasma membrane under myelin

Belong to a family of plasma membrane TRANSPORTERS

  • Carry molecules with one carboxylate group (MONOCARBOXYLATES), eg lactate & pyruvate, across biological membranes
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4
Q

Myelinated axons

Myelin sheath barrier from …. …, glucose from ….

  • …. substrates enter into the axon at … … ….
  • Diffusion times from the node to the internode could take many … for larger calibre …. with long internodes. These distances are critical
  • ATP consuming …. pumps and axonal …. mainly localized in …. regions
  • Nodally sourced energy - for … activity or small-diameter myelinated axons with short internodes - fire at … frequencies
  • Large myelinated axons firing … frequency
A

Myelinated axons

Myelin sheath barrier from EXTRACELLULAR, glucose from BVs

  • ENERGY-RICH substrates enter into the axon at NODES OF RANVIER
  • Diffusion times from the node to the internode could take many MINUTES for larger calibre AXONS with long internodes. These distances are critical
  • ATP consuming Na/K pumps and axonal MITOCHONDRIA mainly localized in INTERNODAL regions
  • Nodally sourced energy - for BASAL activity or small-diameter myelinated axons with short internodes - fire at LOW frequencies
  • Large myelinated axons firing HIGH frequency
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5
Q

Lactate via … into axons, converted to …. by lactate ….., used by …. for …. …. - generation of ATP

A

Lactate via MCT2 into axons, converted to PYRUVATE by lactate DEHYDROGENASE, used by MITOCHONDRIA for OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION - generation of ATP

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6
Q

How does the oligo/Schwann cell know the axon needs energy?

Experimental evidence
- Functional expression of …. receptors in mature oligodendrocytes, their processes and the myelin sheath

A

How does the oligo/Schwann cell know the axon needs energy?

Experimental evidence
- Functional expression of NMDA receptors in mature oligodendrocytes, their processes and the myelin sheath

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7
Q

L1, page 18 & 19

A

crtvybu

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8
Q

Lactate, a product of glycolysis, has been shown to play a key role in the …. support of neurons/axons in the … by both … & … through …. transporters (MCTs)

A

Lactate, a product of glycolysis, has been shown to play a key role in the METABOLIC support of neurons/axons in the CNS by both ASTROCYTES & OLIGODENDROCYTES through MONOCARBOXYLATE transporters (MCTs)

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9
Q

Olidgodendrocytes supply energy (lactate) to axons
- Implications for neuropathology

Demonstrate ‘dying-back’ neuropathy
- Suggests early … of axon function - due to lack of …, axonal transport failure - more distant from soma more vulnerable

A

Olidgodendrocytes supply energy (lactate) to axons
- Implications for neuropathology

Demonstrate ‘dying-back’ neuropathy
- Suggests early FAILURE of axon function - due to lack of ENERGY, axonal transport failure - more distant from soma more vulnerable

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10
Q

Dysfunction of Oligodendrocytes

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) - clinically degrees of parkinsonian, autonomic, and cerebellar features

  • Main feature - …. accumulation
  • a-synuclein - coded by … gene
  • major constituent of .. … in parkinsons disease
  • Predominantly … based
A

Dysfunction of Oligodendrocytes

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) - clinically degrees of parkinsonian, autonomic, and cerebellar features

  • Main feature - A-SYNUCLEIN accumulation
  • a-synuclein - coded by SNCA gene
  • major constituent of LEWY BODIES in parkinsons disease
  • Predominantly GENETICALLY based
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11
Q

L1, page 24

A

defrgd

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12
Q

L2 objectives

  • To describe the basic form of an astrocyte
    • The key structural features of astrocytes
    • Importance of specific structures for function
  • Discuss how and why astrocytes communicate
  • Be able to discuss that astrocytes are very important cells in the brain. (using examples)
A

dsfvgb

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13
Q

L2, page 4

  • Look at a fibrous astrocyte & protoplasmic astrocyte
A

dcfverg

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14
Q

Astrocytes

Protoplasmic - found in … matter

Fibrous - found in … matter

Radial glia - radially arranged in … …

Mechanical support, blood brain barrier, response to injury, …. …..

A

Astrocytes

Protoplasmic - found in GREY MATTER matter

Fibrous - found in WHITE MATTER matter

Radial glia - radially arranged in WHITE MATTER

Mechanical support, blood brain barrier, response to injury, METABOLIC SUPPORT

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15
Q

Protoplasmic astrocyte
- Many … or … proccess

  • Respond to … ….
A

Protoplasmic astrocyte
- Many SHORT or LONG processes

  • Respond to CHANGING ENVIRONMENT
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16
Q

Astrocyte distinguished by

Cytoplasm

  • Well developed cytoskeleton
    • Dominated by … ….
    • Also … & …. / mitochondria
    • Many …. …
A

Astrocyte distinguished by

Cytoplasm

  • Well developed cytoskeleton
    • Dominated by INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
    • Also MICROTUBULES & ACTIN / mitochondria
    • Many GAP JUNCTIONS
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17
Q

Astrocyte

  • Astrocyte end-feet on …

Communicate via … waves
- … binding protein

…. …. channels and …. receptors

Release ….

A

Astrocyte

  • Astrocyte end-feet on BVs

Communicate via Ca2+ waves
- Ca2+ binding protein

VOLTAGE GATED channels and NEUROTRANSMITTER receptors

Release GLIOTRANSMITTERS

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18
Q

Tripartite synapse

L2, page 9

A

xetrfy

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19
Q

Astrocytes - active communication

  • Release gliotransmitters via ….
  • Ca2+ release from … ….
A

Astrocytes - active communication

  • Release gliotransmitters via EXOCYTOSIS
  • Ca2+ release from ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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20
Q

Hemichannel
- Gap junction to release into …

Reflexive gap junction
- Gap junction onto …

A

Hemichannel
- Gap junction to release into ECS

Reflexive gap junction
- Gap junction onto ITSELF

21
Q

L2, page 13

A

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22
Q

Astrocytes and control of blood flow

Gap junctions b/w … & …

A

Astrocytes and control of blood flow

Gap junctions b/w ASTROCYTES & ENDFEET AT BV

23
Q

What do astrocytes do?

  • Astrocytes ensheath … contacts
  • Astrocytes processes have … receptors
  • Endfeet at BVs - have … connexin (Cx) expression
  • Astrocytes release … ….
A

What do astrocytes do?

  • Astrocytes ensheath SYNAPTIC contacts
  • Astrocytes processes have GLUTAMATE receptors
  • Endfeet at BVs - have HIGH connexin (Cx) expression
  • Astrocytes release VASOACTIVE METABOLITES
24
Q

L2, Page 18

A

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25
Q

Astrocytes product neuron - overexcitation

Glutamate - major … neurotransmitter

Also a potent ….

Glutamate cleared from EC space by …. …. transporters

A

Astrocytes product neuron - overexcitation

Glutamate - major EXCITATORY neurotransmitter

Also a potent NEUROTOXIN

Glutamate cleared from EC space by HIGH AFFINITY transporters

26
Q

Astrocytes in rat

L2, page 21

A

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27
Q

Some complicated shit on L2, page 22

A

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28
Q

Astrocytes influences neuronal response

Glutamate release

  • Activates … …. receptors
  • Activates … receptors - astrocyte

Gluatamate release from astrocyte to post-synaptic neuron

  • Activates NR2B-containing … receptors to trigger … inward currents (SICs) in …. CA1 neurons
  • Changes .. …
  • Does this in many nearby synapses to help …. them
A

Astrocytes influences neuronal response

Glutamate release

  • Activates IONOTOPIC GLUTAMATE receptors
  • Activates METABOTROPIC receptors - astrocyte

Gluatamate release from astrocyte to post-synaptic neuron

  • Activates NR2B-containing NMDA receptors to trigger SLOW inward currents (SICs) in PYRAMIDAL CA1 neurons
  • Changes MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
  • Does this in many nearby synapses to help SYNCHRONIZE them
29
Q

Synchrony

L2, page 24

A

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30
Q

Tripartite synapse

Detect … and influence other …

  • Diagram on L2, page 25
A

Tripartite synapse

Detect ACTIVITY and influence other NEURONS

  • Diagram on L2, page 25
31
Q

Astrocytes -> neural function in CA1 region of the hippocampus

  • Draw a diagram of the alteration of strength of synaptic transmission and label where facilitation and inhibition occurs - L3, page 11

1) …. released from axon
- … on astrocyte
- astrocytic - … wave transmitted through cell
- Astrocyte releases …
- ATP - converted to …. - depresses activity at …..

A

Astrocytes -> neural function in CA1 region of the hippocampus

  • Draw a diagram of the alteration of strength of synaptic transmission and label where facilitation and inhibition occurs - L3, page 11

1) GLUTAMATE released from axon
- GLuR on astrocyte
- astrocytic - Ca2+ wave transmitted through cell
- Astrocyte releases ATP
- ATP - converted to ADENOSINE - depresses activity at SYNAPSE (2)

32
Q

Excitation and synchronization of adjacent neurons = bridging …. …. neural circuits

Astrocytes releases ….
Glutamate is sensed ….. by two …. neurons

Generation in these two neurons of …. ….. ….. currents

A

Excitation and synchronization of adjacent neurons = bridging NON-DIRECTLY CONNECTED neural circuits

Astrocytes releases GLUTAMTE
Glutamate is sensed SIMULTANEOUSLY by two CONTIGUOUS neurons

Generation in these two neurons of SYNCHRONOUS NMDAR-DEPENDENT EXCITATORY currents

33
Q

Potentiation of inhibitory synapses = …. & CA1 …. neuron

Inhib interneuron releases … at synapse

  • detected at …. astrocyte
  • interneuron keeps …
  • Inhibitory input onto … …

= … …. via an astrocyte

A

Potentiation of inhibitory synapses = INTERNEURON & CA1 PYRAMIDAL neuron

Inhib interneuron releases GABA at synapse

  • detected at NEIGHBOURING astrocyte
  • interneuron keeps FIRING
  • Inhibitory input onto PYRAMIDAL

= FEEDBACK POTENTIATION via an astrocyte

34
Q

Synaptic plasticity - memory & learning

Activity at one synapse affecting the …. of another synapse
- … range interaction

…. the chance of it firing

A

Synaptic plasticity - memory & learning

Activity at one synapse affecting the FIRING of another synapse
- LONG range interaction

INCREASE the chance of it firing

35
Q

Facilitating local LTP

Heterosynaptic plasticity:

Excitation at … synapse - facilitate LTP at … synapses

eCB - … …. signalling -> …. neuron -> … … interneuron
- reduce …. release

A

Facilitating local LTP

Heterosynaptic plasticity:

Excitation at ONE synapse - facilitate LTP at NEARBY synapses

eCB - RETROGRADE ENDOCANNABINOID signalling -> POSTSYN neuron -> GABAergic interneuron
- reduce GABA release

36
Q

Synchronization of neurons by astrocytic glutamate release

Astrocyte contacts a number of …

Results in … … of these neurons

Known as a neuronal …

A

Synchronization of neurons by astrocytic glutamate release

Astrocyte contacts a number of NEURONS

Results in NEURONAL SYNCHRONIZATION of these neurons

Known as a neuronal DOMAIN

37
Q

Epilepsy

  • dec Kir channels - uptake … reduced
  • Reduction of … & …. protein is observed in human epilepsy
  • Enhanced … levels are observed in epileptic tissues and mights amplify … release from astrocytes
A

Epilepsy

  • dec Kir channels - uptake K+ reduced
  • Reduction of EAAT1 & EAAT2 protein is observed in human epilepsy
  • Enhanced mGluR levels are observed in epileptic tissues and mights amplify GLUTAMATE release from astrocytes
38
Q

EPILEPSY:

In seizure foci in the hippocampus - astrocytes are different

  • Increased … expression and … … communication
  • Increase spontaneous … oscillations - inc. …. release astrocytes
A

EPILEPSY:

In seizure foci in the hippocampus - astrocytes are different

  • Increased Cx43 expression and GAP JUNCTIONAL communication
  • Increase spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations - inc. GLUTAMATE release astrocytes
39
Q

L3, page 22 & 23

A

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40
Q

L4 objectives

Structure and function of microglia

  • Basic structure and range of forms
  • Function - the good and the bad

Ependymal cells as stem cells

  • Adult neurogenesis
    • Where, when, how much?
A

evf

41
Q

Microglia

L4, page 3

A

efsrd

42
Q

Invade CNS in late embryonic development

  • Development from …. cells of bone marrow
A

Invade CNS in late embryonic development

  • Development from HAEMOPOIETIC cells of bone marrow
43
Q

L4, page 6-9

A

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44
Q

Microglia -> astrocyte dysfunction -> damage

  • Activation of ….
  • Release of ….
  • Impaired … uptake
  • Activation of … …. … receptors
  • …. influx
  • Excitotoxicity - … ….
A

Microglia -> astrocyte dysfunction -> damage

  • Activation of MICROGLIA
  • Release of MEDIATORS
  • Impaired GLUTAMATE uptake
  • Activation of POSTSYNAPTIC IONOTROPIC GLUT receptors
  • CA2+ influx
  • Excitotoxicity - NEURON DEATH
45
Q

L4, PAGE 11

A

ACSEVRF

46
Q

Microglia - sense defunct … and phagocytose them in normal brain via …..

Synaptic pruning by microglia is essential during development for the remodelling of … …

A

Microglia - sense defunct SYNAPSES and phagocytose them in normal brain via FRACTALKINE

Synaptic pruning by microglia is essential during development for the remodelling of SYNAPTIC CIRCUITS

47
Q

Ependymal cells

Line the … system (VS) of …

…. - columnar shape

  • … microvilli, cillia
  • contain … filaments

In specialized locations secrete … ….

A

Ependymal cells

Line the VENTRICULAR system (VS) of CNS

CUBOIDAL - columnar shape

  • APICAL microvilli, cillia
  • contain INTERMEDIATE filaments

In specialized locations secrete CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

48
Q

Neural stem cells
- cells that …. and are … giving rise to neurons and glia

The production of new functional neurons in the adult brain: ONLY in:

  • Subventricular zone of … …
  • Subgranular zone of … …
A

Neural stem cells
- cells that SELF-RENEW and are MULTIPOTENT giving rise to neurons and glia

The production of new functional neurons in the adult brain: ONLY in:

  • Subventricular zone of LATERAL VENTRICLE
  • Subgranular zone of DENTATE GYRUS
49
Q

Maybe learn L4 page 17 - 29

A

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ANAT242 (6 decks)

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