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ANAT242 > First test > Flashcards

First test Flashcards

1
Q

L1 - Learning objectives

  • Describe the major divisions of the nervous system
  • Identify/describe the major external and internal features of the spinal cord
  • Explain the consequences of spinal cord damage
A

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2
Q

Organization of Nervous System

The central nervous system (CNS) is the:

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the:

A

Organization of Nervous System

The central nervous system (CNS) is the:
- INTEGRATING and COMMAND centre

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the:
- COMMUNICATION system linking all parts of the body to the CNS, via NERVES

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3
Q

Major subdivisions of the CNS

BRAIN:

A

Major subdivisions of the CNS

BRAIN:

  • Cerebrum:
    • Cerebral Hemispheres
    • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem:
    • Midbrain
    • Pons - Hindbrain
    • Medulla Oblongata - Hindbrain
  • Cerebellum:
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4
Q
  • How much does the brain weigh?
  • The Cerebrum takes up what percentage of the brain volume?
  • What percentage of neurons does the cerebellum contain?
A
  • 15 kg
  • 83%
  • 50%
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5
Q

What is grey matter?

What is white matter?

A

What is grey matter?

  • (Neuron cell bodies)
  • Group of cell bodies =
    • Nucleus (CNS)
    • Ganglion (PNS)

What is white matter?

  • (myelinated Axons)
  • Bundle of axons =
    • Tract (CNS)
    • Nerve (PNS)
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6
Q

Brain section summary:

What are the sections?

A

Brain section summary:

What are the sections?

  • Axial (or Horizontal or Transverse)
    • Side to Side
  • Coronal
    • Top to Bottom
  • Sagittal
    • Front to Back
  • NOTE: there is also midsagittal
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7
Q

Orientation (direction): cerebrum
- Draw it L1, page 30

Orientation (direction): brainstem/spinal cord
- Draw it L1, page 31

A

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8
Q

Spinal Cord Anatomy

The spinal cord extends from the:

What is the width and length of the spinal cord?

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

What does the spinal cord provide?

A

Spinal Cord Anatomy

The spinal cord extends from the:
- Foramen magnum to 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebra

What is the width and length of the spinal cord?

  • Width of thumb
  • ~42cm long

How many pairs of spinal nerves?
- 31

What does the spinal cord provide?
- Provides TWO-WAY street of information to and from the brain

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9
Q

What are the 31 pairs of spinals nerves?

A

What are the 31 pairs of spinals nerves?

  • 8 cervical spinal nerves
  • 12 thoracic spinal nerves
  • 5 lumbar spinal nerves
  • 5 sacral spinal nerves
  • 1 Coccygeal spinal nerves
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10
Q

What are the two enlargements where nerves for upper and lower limbs arise?

A

What are the two enlargements where nerves for upper and lower limbs arise?

  • Cervical enlargement
  • Lumbar enlargement
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11
Q

What is the structure of the Conus medullaris (medullary cone)?

Where is the conus medullaris located?

What does the Conus medullaris allow?

A

What is the structure of the Conus medullaris (medullary cone)?
- Tapering conical structure

Where is the conus medullaris located?
- Below the lumbar enlargement

What does the Conus medullaris allow?
- Allows the filum terminale (terminal filum) to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx (tail bone)

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12
Q

Cauda equaina (horse tail)

Roots of the nerves that arise from the?

A

Cauda equaina (horse tail)

Roots of the nerves that arise from the?
- Lumbar, sacral & coccygeal regions of the spinal cord and travel down the verebral column

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13
Q

Draw and label a transverse cross-section of a spinal cord

- Lecture 1, page 37

A

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14
Q

Spinal cord - Grey Matter

Posterior (dorsal) horns:

Anterior (ventral) horns:

A

Spinal cord - Grey Matter

Posterior (dorsal) horns:
- incoming terminals from peripheral sensory neurons + interneurons

Anterior (ventral) horns:
- Motor neurons that go to the periphery + interneurons

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15
Q

Spinal Cord - Sensory Input & Motor Output

Draw
- L1, Page 41

A

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16
Q

Spinal cord - White matter

What are the columns?
- Draw them

A

Spinal cord - White matter

What are the columns?

  • Lateral columns
  • Posterior (dorsal) columns
  • Anterior (ventral) columns
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17
Q

Comparing Cross-section of Spinal Cord

  • Draw, L1, page 43
  • Where is there enlarged grey matter?
    What does this mean?
A

Comparing Cross-section of Spinal Cord

Where is there enlarged grey matter?
- In cervical and Lumbar regions

What does this mean?
- More neurons are supplying muscles of upper (cervical) and lower (lumbar) limbs

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18
Q

Comparing Cross-section of Spinal Cord

What does white matter increase in?

What does this reflect?

A

Comparing Cross-section of Spinal Cord

What does white matter increase in?
-Increases in dorsal columns from lumbar to cervical regions

What does this reflect?
- Reflects increasing addition of sensory fibres from caudal to rostral truck regions

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19
Q

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Paralysis?

Paraesthesia?

A

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Paralysis?
- Loss of motor function

Paraesthesia?
- Sensory loss

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20
Q

Lecture 2 objectives

  • Identify the ventricular system and describe the circulation/drainage of CSF
  • Recognize the external surface features of the brain
  • Identify/describe the three layers of meninges and their specializations
  • Explain the clinical significance of meninges and the ventricular system
A

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21
Q

Ventricular System

Brain:

Spinal Cord:

Contains?

A

Ventricular System

Brain:
4 ventricles
- Lateral (2)
- Third
- Fourth

Spinal Cord:
- Central Canal

Contains?
- CSF

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22
Q

Ventricular system

- Have a look at L2, page 4

A

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23
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Clear liquid (modified plasma) produced by … …. in each ventricle

Fills …. ….. & ….. ….., as well as the …. ….

Drained into … …. through the …. …..

Sampling of CSF - …. …..

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Clear liquid (modified plasma) produced by CHOROID PLEXUS in each ventricle

Fills CEREBRAL VENTRICLES & SPINAL CANAL, as well as the SUBARACHNOID SPACE

Drained into VENOUS SINUS through the ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS

Sampling of CSF - LUMBAR PUNCTURE

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24
Q

Communication/Continuity of Ventricles

What are the small openings or channels?

A

Communication/Continuity of Ventricles

What are the small openings or channels?

  • Cerebral aqueduct
  • Interventricular foramen
  • Lateral aperature
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25
Q

Lateral Ventricles:

Is a Body + 3 horns

What are the three horns?

Where does the choroid plexus?

A

Lateral Ventricles:

Is a Body + 3 horns

What are the three horns?

  • Anterior horn
  • Inferior horn
  • Posterior horn

Where does the choroid plexus?
- Body & inferior horn

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26
Q

Third Ventricle

  • Between?
  • Where is the choroid plexus?
A

Third Ventricle

Between?
- Lateral ventricle and cerebral aqueduct

Where is the choroid plexus?
- In roof

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27
Q

Fourth Ventricle

Roof formed by?

Floor formed by?

A

Fourth Ventricle

Roof formed by?
- Superior medullary velum
- Inferior medullary velum
(Choroid plexus)

Floor formed by?
- Brainstem

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28
Q

Fourth Ventricle

Lies between?

Three openings?

A

Fourth Ventricle

Lies between?
- Cerebellum - pons & medulla

Three openings?

  • 2 lateral apertures
    • Foramina of Luschka
  • 1 median aperature
    • Foramen of Magendie
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29
Q

Flow of CSF

A

Flow of CSF

1) Choroid plexus
2) Third ventricle
3) Mesencephalic aqueduct
4) Lateral aperture
5) Median aperture
6) Central canal of spinal cord
7) Subarachnoid space of spinal cord
8) Superior sagittal sinus
9) Arachnoid villus
10) Subarachnoid space

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30
Q

External features of the Brain - Gyri/Sulci

Gyri =

Sulci =

Fissure:

A

External features of the Brain - Gyri/Sulci

Gyri = Hill tops
- Singular form - gyrus

Sulci = Valleys
- Singular form - sulcus

Fissure:
- Separates large regions of the brain

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31
Q

Superior Surface of the brain

Kinda draw L2, Page 17

What lobes?

What sulcus?

A

Superior Surface of the brain

What lobes?

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital

What sulcus?
- Central sulcus

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32
Q

Lateral Surface

Kinda draw L2, Page 18

What lobes?

What sulcus?

What fissure?

A

Lateral Surface

What lobes?

  • Occipital lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Frontal lobe
  • Temporal lobe

What sulcus?

  • Lateral
  • Central

What fissure?
- Transverse fissure which separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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33
Q

Medial Surface

What lobes?

What sulcus?

What fissure?

What else can you see?

A

Medial Surface

What lobes?

  • Parietal
  • Occipital

What sulcus?
- Parieto-occipital sulcus

What fissure?
- Transverse

What else can you see

  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
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34
Q

ventral Surface

What lobes?

What else can you see?

What is it best for?

A

ventral Surface

What lobes?

  • Frontal
  • Temporal

What else can you see?

  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum

What is it best for?
- Best view for cranial nerves & blood vessels

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35
Q

Insula Cortex - Insula

Buried w/in? and forms what?

Covered by portions of what lobes?

A

Insula Cortex - Insula

Buried w/in? and forms what?
- Buried deep w/in the lateral sulcus & forms part of its floor

Covered by portions of what lobes?

  • temporal
  • Parietal
  • Frontal
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36
Q

Test Yourself

  • Lecture 2, page 22
A

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37
Q

Meninges

Protection of?

What are the three layers?

A

Meninges

Protection of?
- The brain and spinal cord

What are the three layers?

  • Dura mater (external)
  • Arachnoid mater (middle)
  • Pia mater (inner)
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38
Q

External Meninge: Dura Mater (tough mother)

Thick layer of?

VERY tough providing?

A

External Meninge: Dura Mater (tough mother)

Thick layer of?
- Connective tissue surrounding the brain

VERY tough providing?
- Main support and protection

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39
Q

Dura Mater: two layers

What are the two layers?

The two layers of dura mater separate and form large dural …..?

A

Dura Mater: two layers

What are the two layers?

  • Periosteal
  • Meningeal

The two layers of dura mater separate and form large?
- Venous sinuses

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40
Q

Dura Mater: Meningeal Layer Folds

Extends … to form partitions

  • Subdivide the cranial cavity
  • Limit excessive movement of the brain within the cranium

Forms a …. between:

Two cerebral hemispheres … ….

Cerebellum & cerebrum
….. …..

Two cerebellar hemispheres
…. ……

A

Dura Mater: Meningeal Layer Folds

Extends INWARDS to form partitions

  • Subdivide the cranial cavity
  • Limit excessive movement of the brain within the cranium

Forms a PARTITION between:

Two cerebral hemispheres FALX CEREBRI

Cerebellum & cerebrum
TENTORIUM CEREBELLI

Two cerebellar hemispheres
FALX CEREBELLI

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41
Q

Falx Cerebri

Lies in:

Partially separates:

Attaches to a bony projection:

Attaches to upper surface of?

A

Falx Cerebri

Lies in:
- Median sagittal plane (in longitudinal fissure)

Partially separates:
- Cerebral hemispheres

Attaches to a bony projection:
- Crista galli (roosters crest), anteriorly

Attaches to upper surface of?
- Tentorium cerebelli in the midline, posteriorly

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42
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

What plane?

Separates?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

What plane?
- Horizontal plane

Separates?
- Separates cerebrum from cerebellum

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43
Q

Falx Cerebelli

What fold?

Separates?

A

Falx Cerebelli

What fold?
- Smaller dural fold runs along the vermis of the cerebellum

Separates?
- Separates two cerebellar hemispheres

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44
Q

Subdural Space

What is subdural space?

Structure?

What can cause enlargement?

A

Subdural Space

What is subdural space?

  • The space bw meningeal dura mater & arachnoid mater

Structure?
- Very narrow, contains a film of fluid

What can cause enlargement?
- May be enlarged by bleeding (= subdural haemorrhage/hematoma)

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45
Q

Middle Meninge: Arachnoid Mater (arachnida = spider)

Describe the membrane:

Connected to the?

A

Middle Meninge: Arachnoid Mater (arachnida = spider)

Describe the membrane:
- Delicate transparent membrane (does not dip into sulci)

Connected to the?
- Connected to the pia mater by fine strands of connective tissue (ARACHNOID TRABECULA)

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46
Q

Subarachnoid space

Space between?

Structure?

Contains?

Bleeding results in?

A

Subarachnoid space

Space between?
- Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

Structure?
- Wide space, filled w/ cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - watery “cushion”

Contains?
- Blood vessels (poorly protected)

Bleeding results in?
- Results in blood in the CSF (subarachnoid haemorrhage)

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47
Q

What is a Cisterna?

A

What is a Cisterna?

- An enlarged Subarachnoid Space

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48
Q

Arachnoid Villi & Granulations

Arachnoid Villi:

Arachnoid Granulations:

A

Arachnoid Villi & Granulations

Arachnoid Villi:
- Knob-like projections of the arachnoid mater

Arachnoid Granulations:

  • Collections of arachnoid villi
    • Drain CSF into venous sinuses
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49
Q

Inner Meninge: Pia mater (gentle mother)

Sends prolongations into brain tissue along with blood vessels (forming …. ….)

Helps form the roof of the ventricles, closely associated with …. …. & …..

A

Inner Meninge: Pia mater (gentle mother)

Sends prolongations into brain tissue along with blood vessels (forming PERIVASCULAR SPACE)

Helps form the roof of the ventricles, closely associated with CHOROID PLEXUS & EPENDYMA

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50
Q

Can you recognize Dural Meninge Layers L2, page 39

A

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51
Q

Spinal Meninges

There is no?

A

Spinal Meninges

There is no?
- NO dural periosteal layer

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52
Q

Spinal Meninges: Epidural Space

Between?

Contains?

Largest at?

A

Spinal Meninges: Epidural Space

Between?
- B/w spinal dural sheath and vertebral bony wall

Contains?
- Fat tissue & venous plexus

Largest at?
- L2

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53
Q

Spinal Meninges: Subarachnoid Space

Between?

Contains?

A

Spinal Meninges: Subarachnoid Space

Between?
- B/w the arachnoid and pia mater meninges

Contains?
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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54
Q

What is a Lumbar Cistern?

Where?

A

What is a Lumbar Cistern?
- Enlarged Subarachnoid Space

Where?
- Caudal to spinal cord (below L2)

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55
Q

Spinal Meninges: Pia Mater Specializations

What specializations?

A

Spinal Meninges: Pia Mater Specializations

What specializations?

  • Denticulate ligament
    • triangular shaped: supports spinal cord w/in dural sheath
  • Filum Terminale
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56
Q

Meningitis

Characterized by?

Most common infection of?

Usually caused by?

Common symptoms?

Diagnosis?

Treatment?

A

Meningitis

Characterized by?
- Inflamation of the pia-arachnoid mater

Most common infection of?
- The CNS

Usually caused by?
- Bacterium or a virus

Common symptoms?
- Fever, headache, vomiting and stiff neck

Diagnosis?
- Performing a lumbar puncture, examining the CSF

Treatment?
- Antibiotics quickly, to prevent infection spreading across pia mater to injure neurone in brain

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57
Q

Meninges Trive L2, page 47

A

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58
Q

Human Embryo

Develops into two-layered embryonic disc after how many days after fertilization?

What layer gives rise to the nervous system?

A

Human Embryo

Develops into two-layered embryonic disc after how many days after fertilization?
- 11 days

What layer gives rise to the nervous system?
- Embryonic ectoderm

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59
Q

CNS Development (19-20 days)

Draw the dorsal surface & Transverse section on L3, page 4

The entire nervous system arises from?

The ectoderm thickens to form the?

The neural plate gives rise to neural folds and the?

A

CNS Development (19-20 days)

The entire nervous system arises from?
- Embryonic ectoderm

The ectoderm thickens to form the?
- Neural plate

The neural plate gives rise to neural folds and the?
- Neural groove

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60
Q

CNS Development (22-26 days)

Neural crest gives rise to?

The neural plate folds inward to form the?

Epithelial cells lining the neural tube generate all the?

A

CNS Development (22-26 days)

Neural crest gives rise to?
- Neurons destined to reside in ganglia

The neural plate folds inward to form the?
- Neural tube

Epithelial cells lining the neural tube generate all the?
- Neurons of the CNS

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61
Q

Neural Tube

The rostral portion forms the?

The caudal portion forms the?

The cavity forms the?

A

Neural Tube

The rostral portion forms the?
- Brain

The caudal portion forms the?
- Spinal cord

The cavity forms the?
- Ventricular system

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62
Q

Neural Tube Defects

Anencephaly (without brain):

Failure of?

A

Neural Tube Defects

Anencephaly (without brain):

Failure of?
- Failure of the rostral neural folds to fuse rostrally

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63
Q

Neural Tube Defects

Spina Bifida (forked spine):

What fails to close?

A

Neural Tube Defects

Spina Bifida (forked spine):

What fails to close?
- The caudal portion of the neural tube fails to close

64
Q

Spinal cord development (week 6)

Draw L3, page 9

A

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65
Q

Embryonic Development of Human Brain

Draw table on L3, page 10

A

fdkjbs;etba;ioetrgb

66
Q

Brain development

At 5 weeks what has developed?

At 13 weeks what has developed?

At birth what remains prominent?
What else occurs?

A

Brain development

At 5 weeks what has developed?

  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
  • Spinal cord

At 13 weeks what has developed?

  • Cerebral hemisphere
  • Outline of diencephalon
  • Midbrain
  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Spinal cord

At birth what remains prominent?
- Cephalic flexure (midbrain level)
What else occurs?
- Convolutions - increase the surface area of the brain

67
Q

CNS Development

What area is the last to develop?

A

CNS Development

What area is the last to develop?
- Prefrontal areas

68
Q

Blood supply of the brain

What percentage of blood flow does the brain receive?

What percentage of the body’s oxygen and glucose does the brain consume

How long of an interruption to blood flow will cause unconsciousness?

How long of an interruption to blood flow will cause impaired neural function?

How long of an interruption to blood flow will cause irreversible brain damage?

A

Blood supply of the brain

What percentage of blood flow does the brain receive?
- 15% (~750 mL/min)

What percentage of the body’s oxygen and glucose does the brain consume
- 20%

How long of an interruption to blood flow will cause unconsciousness?
- 10 seconds

How long of an interruption to blood flow will cause impaired neural function?
- 1-2 minutes

How long of an interruption to blood flow will cause irreversible brain damage?
- 4 minutes

69
Q

What are the Cerebral Arteries?

A

What are the Cerebral Arteries?

  • Basilar Artery
  • Internal Carotid artery
70
Q

What are the Cerebral Arteries?

A

What are the Cerebral Arteries?

  • Basilar Artery
  • Internal Carotid artery
  • Vertebral arteries
71
Q

Cerebral arteries:

The basilar artery divides into two?

A

Cerebral arteries:

The basilar artery divides into two?
- Posterior cerebral arteries

72
Q

Cerebral Arteries:

The internal carotid artery branches into?

A

Cerebral Arteries:

The internal carotid artery branches into?
- Anterior & middle cerebral arteries

73
Q

Circle of Willis

What does the posterior cerebral artery connect to?

Maintains blood supply to entire brain if?

A

Circle of Willis

What does the posterior cerebral artery connect to?
- Posterior cerebral artery connects to internal carotid artery via posterior communicating arteries, & along with anterior cerebral arteries

Maintains blood supply to entire brain if?
- 1 artery is having problems

74
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery

Supplies?

A

Posterior Cerebral Artery

Supplies?
- Medial aspect of the hemisphere (posterior 1/3), occipital lobes, inferior temporal lobe regions, brainstem, 3rd and lateral ventricles

75
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Supplies?

A

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Supplies?
- Medial aspects of cerebral hemisphere (anterior 2/3 only) & basal nuclei

76
Q

Middle cerebral Artery

Supplies?

A

Middle cerebral Artery

Supplies?
- Almost all the lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere

77
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

Formed by?

Selective for?

Keeps out?

Ineffective against?

A

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

Formed by?
- Tight junctions b/w endothelial cells of cerebral capillaries

Selective for?
- Nutrients (glucose, essential aa & electrolytes

Keeps out?
- Large molecules, certain chemicals and drugs

Ineffective against?
- Fats, fatty acids, and fat-soluble

78
Q

Stroke-related dysfunction

Anterior cerebral artery:

Middle cerebral artery (most common stroke):

Posterior cerebral artery:

A

Stroke-related dysfunction

Anterior cerebral artery:

  • Contralateral hemiplegia (one artery) or bilateral paralysis (two arteries) & impaired sensation
    • Greatest in the lower limb

Middle cerebral artery (most common stroke):

  • A severe contralateral hemiplegia & impaired sensation
    • Most marked in the upper limb & face
  • Severe aphasia (language deficit) if the dominant hemisphere is affected

Posterior cerebral artery:
- Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (visual loss in half the visual field in both eyes)

79
Q

What is the Blood drainage of the brain?

A

What is the Blood drainage of the brain?

Fine veins (brain) > pial venous plexuses What is the Blood drainage of the brain > cerebral veins > dural venous sinuses > internal jugular vein > Heart

80
Q

Emissary Veins

Blood from where drain venous sinuses?

Potential source of?

Rupture =?

A

Emissary Veins

Blood from where drain venous sinuses?
- Blood from scalp and facial skin around the nose and upper lip drain venous sinuses

Potential source of?
- Infection into the cranial cavity

Rupture =?
- Subdural hematoma

81
Q

Venous sinuses

B/w?

Receive venous blood from?

Receive?

A

Venous sinuses

B/w?
- Two layers of dura mater

Receive venous blood from?
- Brain and scalp

Receive?
- CSF

82
Q

Draining the Superior & Deep structures

1) Superior sagittal sinus

lies along the?

Joins the?

Arachnoid villi drain?

A

Draining the Superior & Deep structures

1) Superior sagittal sinus

lies along the?
- Superior margin of the falx cerebri

Joins the?
- Transverse sinus

Arachnoid villi drain?
The CSF into the superior sagittal sinus

83
Q

Draining the Superior & Deep Structures

2) Inferior sagittal sinus

Lies along?

Joins?

A

Draining the Superior & Deep Structures

2) Inferior sagittal sinus

Lies along?
- The inferior margin of the falx cerebri

Joins?
- Straight sinus

84
Q

Draining the Superior & Deep Structures

3) Straight Sinus

w/in?

Joins?

A

Draining the Superior & Deep Structures

3) Straight Sinus

w/in?
- tentorium cerebelli

Joins?
- Left transverse sinus

85
Q

Draining the Superior & Deep Structures

4) Transverse sinus

Left continuous with?

Right continuous with?

A

Draining the Superior & Deep Structures

4) Transverse sinus

Left continuous with?
- Straight sinus

Right continuous with?
- Superior sagittal sinus

86
Q

Draining Superior & Deep Structures

5) Sigmoid sinus

Forward continuation of?

Opens into?

A

Draining Superior & Deep Structures

5) Sigmoid sinus

Forward continuation of?
- transverse sinus

Opens into?
- Internal jugular vein

87
Q

Draining the Inferior Structures

6) Cavernous sinus

Lateral to?

Drains into?

A

Draining the Inferior Structures

6) Cavernous sinus

Lateral to?
- Pituitary gland, linked with VENOUS CHANNELS

Drains into?
- Superior (TRANSVERSE sinus) & Inferior petrosal (INTERNAL JUGULAR V) sinuses

88
Q

Summary on L3, page 42

A

rekagblrszv

89
Q

name the sinuses L3, page 43

A

rsklagnB>v

90
Q

Spinal Cord Blood Supply

What descends to spinal cord?

Spinal arteries branch into?

A

Spinal Cord Blood Supply

What descends to spinal cord?
- Vertebral artery

Spinal arteries branch into?
- Posterior
- Anterior
- Radicular 
     arteries
91
Q

Blood supply to the Spinal Cord

Anterior spinal arteries supply?

Posterior spinal arteries supply?

Radicular arteries supply?

A

Blood supply to the Spinal Cord

Anterior spinal arteries supply?
- Anterior (ventral) and lateral columns, gray matter (except for the dorsal horns)

Posterior spinal arteries supply?
- Posterior (dorsal) horns and posterior (dorsal) columns

Radicular arteries supply?
- The spinal nerves

92
Q

Spinal Cord Blood Drainage

Anterior and posterior spinal veins drain blood into the?

A

Spinal Cord Blood Drainage

Anterior and posterior spinal veins drain blood into the?
- internal vertebral venous plexus

93
Q

Spinal Cord Stroke

What percentage of all strokes?

Typically?

Symptoms depend on?

A

Spinal Cord Stroke

What percentage of all strokes?
- 1-2%

Typically?
Ischemic

Symptoms depend on?
- Blood vessel and level of spinal cord affected

94
Q

L4 learning objectives

  • Identify the external features of each cerebral lobe
  • Explain the general functions of each cerebral lobe
  • Identify the cortical regions involved in producing and controlling the following functions
    • Movement
    • General sensory perception
    • Vision
    • Auditory info
    • Language
  • Describe the consequences of damage to the structures identified above
A

reklnvsieradhk

95
Q

What are Motor areas?

What are Sensory areas?

What are association areas?

Conscious behaviour involves?

A

What are Motor areas?
- Voluntary motor functions

What are Sensory areas?
- Conscious awareness of sensation

What are association areas?
- Integrating diverse information for purposeful action

Conscious behaviour involves?
- The entire cortex

96
Q

Functions of Lobes of the Cerebrum: FRONTAL lobe

The frontal lobe contains?

What are the Frontal lobe gyri?

A

Functions of Lobes of the Cerebrum: FRONTAL lobe

The frontal lobe contains?
- Contains voluntary motor functions and areas for language, planning, mood/personality, social judgement and smell

What are the Frontal lobe gyri?

  • Superior frontal gyrus
  • Middle frontal gyrus
  • Inferior frontal gyrus
97
Q

Frontal Lobe - Precentral Gyrus (Primary Motor Cortex):

Controls skilled voluntary movements of?

What muscles does it control?

The motor innervation of the body is?

A

Frontal Lobe - Precentral Gyrus (Primary Motor Cortex):

Controls skilled voluntary movements of?

  • Skeletal muscles
    - Supplying about 30% of axons to corticospinal tract

What muscles does it control?
- Controls muscles in body areas having the most precise motor control - the face, tongue & hands

The motor innervation of the body is?
- Contralateral

98
Q

Frontal lobe - Precentral gyrus (Primary Motor Cortex)

What is Motor Homunculus?

What is Somatotopy?

Area of cortex related to specific region is proportional to?

Each pyramidal neuron projects its axon to?

A

Frontal lobe - Precentral gyrus (Primary Motor Cortex)

What is Motor Homunculus?
- Little person

What is Somatotopy?
- Mapping of body area to brain regoin

Area of cortex related to specific region is proportional to?
- The amount of motor control over that region

Each pyramidal neuron projects its axon to?
- Spinal cord

99
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Supplies?

A

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Supplies?
- The MEDIAL aspect of cerebral hemispheres (anterior 2/3 only) & basal nuclei

100
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery

Supplies?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

Supplies?
- Supplies almost all the LATERAL surface of cerebral hemispheres

101
Q

Frontal Lobe - Precentral Gyrus (Primary Motor Cortex - DAMAGE

Occlusion/rupture of a branch of the ANTERIOR cerebral artery:

Occlusion/rupture of a branch of the MIDDLE cerebral artery:

A

Frontal Lobe - Precentral Gyrus (Primary Motor Cortex - DAMAGE

Occlusion/rupture of a branch of the ANTERIOR cerebral artery:

  • Contralateral hemiplegia
  • Greatest in LOWER limbs

Occlusion/rupture of a branch of the MIDDLE cerebral artery:

  • Contralateral hemiplegia
  • Greatest in UPPER limbs & FACE regions
102
Q

Frontal Lobe - Inferior Frontal Gyrus:

What makes up the Inferior Frontal Gyrus?

A

Frontal Lobe - Inferior Frontal Gyrus:

What makes up the Inferior Frontal Gyrus?

  • Opercular } Brocas
  • Triangular } Brocas
  • Orbital
103
Q

Frontal Lobe - Brocas Area

What parts of the inferior frontal gyrus?

Generates motor program for?

Transmits to primary cortex for?

Becomes active when?

Present in?

A

Frontal Lobe - Brocas Area

What parts of the inferior frontal gyrus?

  • Opercular
  • Triangular

Generates motor program for?
- Larynx, tongue, cheeks & lips for speech production

Transmits to primary cortex for?
- Action

Becomes active when?
- Preparing to speak

Present in?
- One hemisphere only (usually the left)

104
Q

Frontal Lobe - Brocas Areas

Damage to Brocas area =?

Difficulty generating?

Comprehension generally?

A

Frontal Lobe - Brocas Areas

Damage to Brocas area =?

  • Expressive (non-fluent) aphasia
    • Aphasia = language impairment

Difficulty generating?
- Written and spoken words

Comprehension generally?
- Intact

105
Q

Functions of Lobes of the Cerebrum: PARIETAL lobe

Contains areas for?

A

Functions of Lobes of the Cerebrum: PARIETAL lobe

Contains areas for?
- Sensory reception and integration of sensory info, some languange and mathematic functions

106
Q

What are the two lobules of the parietal lobe?

A

What are the two lobules of the parietal lobe?

  • Superior parietal lobule
  • Inferior parietal lobule
107
Q

Parietal Lobe - Postcentral Gyrus (Primary Somatosensory Cortex)

SENSORY HOMUNCULUS

The area of the cortex dedicated to the sensations of various body parts is proportional to:

Receives sensory info from?

What is Spatial discrimination?

A

Parietal Lobe - Postcentral Gyrus (Primary Somatosensory Cortex)

SENSORY HOMUNCULUS

The area of the cortex dedicated to the sensations of various body parts is proportional to:
- How sensitive that part of the body is

Receives sensory info from?
- Contralateral side

What is Spatial discrimination?
- Neurons can identify the body region being stimulated

108
Q

Parietal Lobe - Postcentral Gyrus (Primary Somatosensory Cortex)

DAMAGE

Occlusion/rupture of a branch of the ANTERIOR cerebral artery:

Occlusion/rupture of a branch of the MIDDLE cerebral artery:

A

Parietal Lobe - Postcentral Gyrus (Primary Somatosensory Cortex)

DAMAGE

Occlusion/rupture of a branch of the ANTERIOR cerebral artery:

  • Contralateral sensory loss
  • Greatest in LOWER limbs

Occlusion/rupture of a branch of the MIDDLE cerebral artery:

  • Contralateral sensory loss
  • Greatest in UPPER limbs & FACE regions
109
Q

Parietal Lobe - Superior Parietal Lobule (Somatosensory Association Cortex)

Integrating different sensory inputs (relayed by the primary somatosensory cortex) to produce a comprehensive understanding of?

What is DAMAGE (middle cerebral artery): TACTILE AGNOSIA:

A

Parietal Lobe - Superior Parietal Lobule (Somatosensory Association Cortex)

Integrating different sensory inputs (relayed by the primary somatosensory cortex) to produce a comprehensive understanding of?

  • Position of limbs
  • Location of touch or pain
  • Shape, weight & texture of an object

What is DAMAGE (middle cerebral artery): TACTILE AGNOSIA:

  • Unable to recognize objects w/out looking at them
  • (agnosia = inability to recognize)
110
Q

Parietal Lobe - Inferior Parietal Lobule (Multimodal Association Cortex)

What gyri does it comprise of?

Processes different kinds of stimuli (auditory, visual, sensormotor, etc) simultaneously for:

DAMAGE (middle cerebral artery):

A

Parietal Lobe - Inferior Parietal Lobule (Multimodal Association Cortex)

What gyri does it comprise of?

  • Supramarginal
  • Angular

Processes different kinds of stimuli (auditory, visual, sensormotor, etc) simultaneously for:

  • Understanding the multiple properties of spoken and written words
  • Classifying and labeling things
  • Mathematic ability

DAMAGE (middle cerebral artery):
Agnosia, sensory neglect, dysgraphia (writing deficits), dyslexia, (reading deficits), dyscalculia (mathematic deficits)

111
Q

Functions of Lobes of the Cerebrum: TEMPORAL lobe

Contains areas for?

A

Functions of Lobes of the Cerebrum: TEMPORAL lobe

Contains areas for?
- Hearing, smell, learning, memory, language & emotional behaviour

112
Q

Temporal Lobe

What gyri?

What Sulci?

A

Temporal Lobe

What gyri?

  • Superior temporal gyrus
  • Middle temporal gyrus
  • Inferior temporal gyrus

What Sulci?

  • Superior temporal sulcus
  • Inferior temporal sulcus
113
Q

Temporal Lobe - Primary Auditory Cortex

Superior margin of the?

Processes?

Sensitive to?

Unilateral damage (MIDDLE cerebral artery) =

Bilateral damage =?

A

Temporal Lobe - Primary Auditory Cortex

Superior margin of the?
- Superior temporal gyrus

Processes?
- Auditory info

Sensitive to?
- Pitch, rhythm & loudness

Unilateral damage (MIDDLE cerebral artery) =
- Hearing loss

Bilateral damage =?
- Cortical deafness

114
Q

Temoral Lobe - Wernicks Area Auditory Association Cortex

Posterior part of the?

Sensory?

Permits recognition of?

Creates?

A

Temoral Lobe - Wernicks Area Auditory Association Cortex

Posterior part of the?
- Superior Temporal Gyrus

Sensory?
- Sensory language area

Permits recognition of?
- Spoken & written language

Creates?
- Plan of speech

115
Q

Temporal Lobe - Wernickes Area

Damage to wernickes area =?

A

Temporal Lobe - Wernickes Area

Damage to wernickes area = Receptive (fluent) aphasia

  • Speech normal & excessive, but makes little sense
  • No understanding of the meanings of words nor able to repeat them
116
Q

Damage to arcuate fasciculus = ?

A

Damage to arcuate fasciculus = Associative (conduction) aphasia
- Speech and understanding normal, but cannot repeat words or phrases spoken by others

117
Q

Other language Areas

Frontal Cortex:

Parietal Cortex:

Other parts of the Temporal Lobe:

A

Other language Areas

Frontal Cortex:
_ Brocas area and supplementary motor area
- Language motor production
_ Lateral prefrontal cortex
- Complex processing of language comprehension & word analysis

Parietal Cortex:
_ Supramarginal & Angular gyri
- Interpretation of spoken and written language

Other parts of the Temporal Lobe:
_ Association cortex
- Coordinates auditory & visual aspects of language when naming objects or reading

118
Q

W/in the Temporal Lobe

Fornix:

Septum pellucidum:

A

W/in the Temporal Lobe

Fornix:
- Fibres to & from the hippocampus

Septum pellucidum:
- Membrane that separates lateral ventricles

119
Q

Functions of Lobes of the Cerebrum: INSULAR lobe

Modulates:

A

Functions of Lobes of the Cerebrum: INSULAR lobe

Modulates:
- Emotions, homeostasis, cognition, perception, & self-awareness

120
Q

Insular Lobe

Buried deep w/in the?

Covered by portions of the?

A

Insular Lobe

Buried deep w/in the?
- LATERAL sulcus & forms part of its floor

Covered by portions of the?

  • Temporal lobe
  • Parietal lobes
  • Frontal lobe
121
Q

Functions of Lobes of the Cerebrum: Occipital lobe

Is the primary?

A

Functions of Lobes of the Cerebrum: Occipital lobe

Is the primary?
- Visual center of brain

122
Q

Primary visual cortex

The gyri form the walls of the?

A

Primary visual cortex

The gyri form the walls of the?
- Calcarine sulcus

123
Q

POSTERIOR Cerebral Artery supplies?

A

POSTERIOR Cerebral Artery supplies?
- The MEDIAL aspect of the hemispher (POSTERIOR 1/3), occipital lobes, inferior temporal lobe regions, brainstem, 3rd and lateral ventricles

124
Q

Occipital Lobe

Primary visual cortex damage (posterior cerebral artery) =

Visual association areas w/in the occipital lobe:

Visual association area damage (POSTERIOR cerebral artery) = ?

A

Occipital Lobe

Primary visual cortex damage (posterior cerebral artery) =
- Cortical blindness

Visual association areas w/in the occipital lobe:

  • Communicate w/ primary visual cortex
  • Interpret visual stimuli & identify things we see, except for faces (temporal association cortex)

Visual association area damage (POSTERIOR cerebral artery) = Visual agnosia;
- hemianopsia = visual deficit)

125
Q

Stroke-related Dysfunction

POSTERIOR cerebral artery:

A

Stroke-related Dysfunction

POSTERIOR cerebral artery:
- Contralateral homonymous hemianosia 9visual loss in half the visual field in both eyes)

126
Q

Know the external Features of the Cerebral Lobes

  • L4, page 52
A

resaojbdlnvzmc

127
Q

Know the Deficit

  • L4, page 53
A

rlvknszd

128
Q

L5 learning objectives

  • Identify the three types of white matter tracts
  • Identify and describe the components, and general functions of the diencephalon
  • Describe the components, connections, function & dysfunction of the basal ganglia
A

lsajvgdn

129
Q

Cerebral White Matter

A major contributor to?

Responsible for communication:

Consist largely of?

A

Cerebral White Matter

A major contributor to?
- Cerebral volume

Responsible for communication:

  • (i) b/w cerebral area
  • (ii) b/w the cerebral cortex & lower CNS centres

Consist largely of?
- Myelinated axons bundled into large tracts

130
Q

Cerebral White Matter
PROJECTION TRACTS

Extend vertically from brain to spinal cord w/in the one hemisphere, forming the?

A

Cerebral White Matter
PROJECTION TRACTS

Extend vertically from brain to spinal cord w/in the one hemisphere, forming the?
- Internal capsule

131
Q

Cerebral White Matter
COMMISSURAL TRACTS

Cross from?

Corpus callosum is a wide band of?

A

Cerebral White Matter
COMMISSURAL TRACTS

Cross from?
- One hemisphere to the other

Corpus callosum is a wide band of?
- Myelinated axon tracts

132
Q

COMMISSURAL TRACTS - CORPUS COLLOSUM

  • Have a look at L5 slide 6
A

waegbkljv.krbhjwa.

133
Q

Commissural Tracts
- ATERIOR COMMISSURE

Includes axons that connect?

A

Commissural Tracts
- ATERIOR COMMISSURE

Includes axons that connect?
- The middle & inferior temporal gyri of the two sides

134
Q

Cerebral White Matter
ASSOCIATION FIBRES

Connect?

A

Cerebral White Matter
ASSOCIATION FIBRES

Connect?
- Connect lobes & gyri w/in the hemisphere

135
Q

Summary: Tracts of the Cerebral White Matter

L5, page 10

A

svjn;rebnav;obnfv;o

136
Q

Diencephalon

Consist of 4 parts:

Associated with the?

A

Diencephalon

Consist of 4 parts:

  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Subthalamus

Associated with the?
- 3rd ventricle

137
Q

Thalamus

Structure?

Makes up what percentage of the diencephalon?

Forms the?

A

Thalamus

Structure?
- Egg-shaped

Makes up what percentage of the diencephalon?
- 80%

Forms the?
- Superolateral walls of the third ventricle

138
Q

Thalamus

Contains?

Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass):

Play a key role in?

A

Thalamus

Contains?
- About a dozen nuclei

Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass):
- A midline connection which joins each thalamus to the other

Play a key role in?

  • Relaying sensation
  • Motor activities
  • Cortical arousal
  • Learning & memory
139
Q

Hypothalamus

Located?

Forms the?

Extends from the?

Superior to the?

A

Hypothalamus

Located?
- Below the thalamus (hypothalamic sulcus)

Forms the?
- Inferolateral wall of the third ventricle

Extends from the?
- Optics chiasma

Superior to the?
- Brainstem

140
Q

Main Homeostatic Roles of Hypothalamus

Autonomic control centre:

Emotional response:

Body temperature regulation:

Regulation of food intake:

Regulation of water balance and thirst:

Regulation of sleep-wake cycles:

Control of endocrine system functioning:

A

Main Homeostatic Roles of Hypothalamus

Autonomic control centre:
- Respiration, cardiovascular

Emotional response:
- Limbi system

Body temperature regulation:
- Thermosensitive neurons

Regulation of food intake:
- appetit & satiety centres

Regulation of water balance and thirst:
- Thirst centre

Regulation of sleep-wake cycles:
- With pineal gland

Control of endocrine system functioning:
- ovaries, testes to produce egg, sperm, stress hormones

141
Q

Epithalamus

Structure?

Includes?

Contains?

Pineal gland generate?

A

Epithalamus

Structure?
- A small, cone-shaped body

Includes?
- Pineal gland and the roof of the third ventricle

Contains?
- Dense calcium salts (pineal sand) in adults (radiopaque)

Pineal gland generate
- MELATONIN - the sleep - inducing signal (peak level at night)

142
Q

Diencephalon who am I

L5, page 22

A

roajnsvd

143
Q

Basal Ganglia

Important for?

Basal ganglia =?

Corpus Striatum =?

Other commonly used terms:
Striatum =?
Pallidum =?

A

Basal Ganglia

Important for?
- Motor control and attentional processes

Basal ganglia =?
- Corpus striatum + subthalamic nuclei + substantia nigra

Corpus Striatum =?
- Lentiform (putamen & globus pallidus) + caudate nuclei

Other commonly used terms:
Striatum =?
- Putamen + caudate nucleus
Pallidum =?
- Globus pallidus external (GPe) & internal (GPi) divisions
144
Q

Basal Ganglia: Corpus Striatum

  • L5, page 24
A

reaojdnsv.

145
Q

Basal Ganglia: Corpus Striatum

  • L5, page 24
A

erbivndfjks

146
Q

Corpus Striatum

Draw
- L5, page 26

A

erwd

147
Q

Corpus Striatum

What makes up the Internal capsule?

A

Corpus Striatum

What makes up the Internal capsule?

  • Anterior limb
  • Genu
  • Posterior limb
148
Q

Corpus Striatum

Posterior limb of internal capsule is b/w?

Anterior limb of internal capsule is b/w?

A

Corpus Striatum

Posterior limb of internal capsule is b/w?
- Lentiform nucleus and thalamus

Anterior limb of internal capsule is b/w?
- Lentiform & caudate nuclei

149
Q

Locate the Putamen, Globus pallidus & caudate nucleus

L5, page 29

A

,svbajk

150
Q

Locate the Globus pallidus, Caudate nucleus, thalamus, Putamen & Internal capsule

  • L5, page 30
A

,hsmdb lxjz,m

151
Q

Basal ganglia: Connectivity with the Motor Cortex

Access to motor neurons in the cerebral cortex is through the?

What loop is this?

A

Basal ganglia: Connectivity with the Motor Cortex

Access to motor neurons in the cerebral cortex is through the?
- Thalamus

What loop is this?
- cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical loop

152
Q

Motor Control by Basal ganglia

Output inhibits?

Acts as a brake so to?

The brake can be released by?

A

Motor Control by Basal ganglia

Output inhibits?
- Unnecessary movements

Acts as a brake so to?
- Produce ordered, finely controlled movement only when needed

The brake can be released by?
- Input from the cerebral cortex and the substantia nigra to start movement

153
Q

At rest: What inhibits the thalamus? What does this mean?

What activates the putamen? What does the putamen inhibit? What does it activate?

What does this cause?

What does the basal ganglia influence?

A

At rest: What inhibits the thalamus? What does this mean?
- Globus pallidus inhibits thalamus, no motor cortex activity

What activates the putamen? What does the putamen inhibit? What does it activate?
- Cortex activates putamen, which inhibits the globus palladus, releasing thalamus from inhibition, activating motor cortex

What does this cause?
- Movement

What does the basal ganglia influence?
- The function of spinal cord motor neurons INDIRECTLY (compared to cerebral cortex, direct synaptic input)

154
Q

Parkinsons Disease

What type of degeneration?

Motor deficits:

Treatment:

A

Parkinsons Disease

What type of degeneration?
- Substantia nigra dopamine neuron degeneration

Motor deficits:

  • Rigidity
  • Tremor
  • Difficulty initiating movement
  • Postural instability
  • Shuffling gait
  • Stiff facial expression (mask-like face)

Treatment:

  • 1) replacement of dopamine
  • 2) Stem cell therapy
  • 3) Deep brain stimulation
155
Q

Basal Ganglia True or False

L5, page 37

A

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ANAT242 (6 decks)

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