Glia And Neurotransmittera

Question 0

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

Answer 0

Insulation and myelination

Question 1

What is the function of astrocytes?

Answer 1

Support
Provide lactate as energy by the glucose of lactate shuffle
Control of Neurotransmitters as glutamate is toxic
Buffer potassium
Form the blood brain barrier by podocyte feet

Question 2

What is the function of microglia?

Answer 2

Phagocytosis to remove debris foreign material and recognise foreign material

Question 3

Describes the blood brain barrier

Answer 3

It is a barrier between the blood and the brain
It has a basement membrane fenestrated capillaries and astrocyte feet
Tight junctions and endothelial cells lining the capillary

Question 4

Describe the functions of the blood brain barrier

Answer 4

Support
Maintains correct environment
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water can diffuse freely
Glucose, amino acids, potassium are transported across

Question 5

Explain the immunity in the CNS

Answer 5

Mainly by microglia because oedema leads to increased intracranial pressure so microglia acts as antigen-presenting cells
T cells can enter the CNS but CNS inhibits pro inflammatory T-cell response

Question 6

Give examples of amino acid neurotransmitters in the CNS

Answer 6

Glutamate
Glycine
GABA

Question 7

Give examples of biogenic amines neurotransmitters in the CNS

Answer 7

ACh
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Histamine
Serotonin

Question 8

Give examples of peptides neurotransmitters in the CNS

Answer 8

Substance P
Somatostatin
Neuropeptide Y

Question 9

Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 9

Excitatory

70% of CNS synapses

Question 10

Give examples of inhibitory neurotransmitter is and state where the act

Answer 10

GABA the main inhibition is in the brain

Glycine acts in the brainstem and spinal-cord

Question 11

Name the glutamate inotropic receptors

Answer 11

AMPA - na/k
NMDA - na/k/ca
ketamine - na/k

Question 12

How do the glutamate inotropic receptors work?

Answer 12

Binding leads to activation and depolarisation
NMDA you need glutamate to bind at the cell to be depolarised to allow ion flow through the channel and they’re blocked by magnesium at rest

Question 13

What is there metabotropic glutamate receptor and how does it work?

Answer 13

MGluR1-7
GPCR
IP3 and calcium or
Inhibits adenyl cyclise which leads to decreased Camp

Question 14

How do you GABA and glycine work?

Answer 14

They are integral chloride channels and opening leads to hyper polarisation and IPSP which reduces action potentials

Question 15

What response does ethanol have to GABA?

Answer 15

Enhances response

Question 16

Which drugs bind to GABAa receptors?

Answer 16

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates

Treat anxiety depression and epilepsy

Question 17

Where is Ach found in the brain?

Answer 17

Basal forebrain and the brain stem

Diffuse projections to cortex and hippocampus

Question 18

What is Ach function?

Answer 18

Memory
Arousal
Motor control

Question 19

Which disease is associated with a decline in Ach?

Answer 19

Alzheimer’s

Treat with cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 20

What are the dopamine pathways in the brain?

Answer 20

Mesocortical pathway
Mesolimbic pathway
–> mood, arousal and reward
Nigrostriatal pathway - motor control

Question 21

What diseases are associated with dopamine?

Answer 21

Parkinsons (reduction)

Schizophrenia (increase)

Question 22

What receptors are NA receptors?

Answer 22

Alpha and beta GPCRs

Question 23

Where are NA receptors found?

Answer 23

Hypothalamus, Cortex, amygdala, cerebellum

Cell bodies are in brainstem

Question 24

What is the function of NA in the brain?

Answer 24

Arousal and mood

Question 25

What disease is associated with noradrenaline?

Answer 25

Depression - reduction