Glaucoma Vol. 2

Question 1

What condition is associated with hypopigmented lesions (“ash leaf spot”) and red-brown macular rash of the face and chin?

Answer 1

Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville syndrome)

Question 2

What condition is associated with causing a “bag of worms” lesion and S-shaped deformity of the upper eyelid?

Answer 2

Plexiform neuroma (type I neurofibromatosis)

Question 3

What condition is associated with glaucoma in a child with yellow or orange papules of the head and neck?

Answer 3

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG)

Question 4

What condition is associated with glaucoma and hyperpigmentation of the periocular skin?

Answer 4

Oculodermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ota)

Question 5

What condition is associated with glaucoma, peg-like teeth, and maxillary hypoplasia?

Answer 5

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome

Question 6

What condition is associated with increased lOP, port-wine stain, and hemifacial hypertrophy?

Answer 6

Encephalofacial angiomatosis (eg. Sturge-Weber)

Question 7

What condition is associated with increased lOP, cutaneous hemangiomas and hypertrophied limb?

Answer 7

Klippei-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome

Question 8

What condition is associated with chronically elevated lOP and significantly dilated episcleral veins?

Answer 8

AV fistula

Question 9

What medication is associated with causing black andenochrome deposits of the conjunctiva?

Answer 9

Epinephrine

Question 10

What condition should be suspected in a patient with glaucoma and punctate inferonasal epithelial corneal defects?

Answer 10

Medication toxicity

Question 11

What is the cause of enlargement of the cornea in patients with congenital glaucoma?

Answer 11

Breaks in Descemet’s membrane (Haab striae)

Question 12

What type of refractive error is associated with increased risk of pigment dispersion?

Answer 12

Myopia

Question 13

What part of the angle is increased pigmentation most common?

Answer 13

Inferior angle

Question 14

Name 2 conditions associated with increased pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork.

Answer 14

1.Pigment dispersion syndrome 2. Exfoliation syndrome

Question 15

What is the S-shaped eyelid deformity of type I neurofibromatosis highly associated with?

Answer 15

Risk of glaucoma

Question 16

What is the average diameter of the optic nerve head?

Answer 16

1.5 mm

Question 17

Name the 3 types of retinal ganglion calls (RGC).

Answer 17

1.Magnocellular (M calls) 2. Parvocellular (P calls} 3. Koniocellular (bistratifiad cells}

Question 18

What type of RGC have the largest dendritic field?

Answer 18

M cells

Question 19

What is the primary function of M cells?

Answer 19

Detection of motion

Question 20

What is the most abundant type of RGC?

Answer 20

P cells (approx. 80%)

Question 21

What gonioscopy finding is associated with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome?

Answer 21

Anteriorly displaced Schawalbe line

Question 22

What is arterial supply of the optic nerve?

Answer 22

Ophthalmic artery via the posterior ciliary artery

Question 23

What type of cataract is associated with long-term corticosteroid use?

Answer 23

Posterior subcapsular cataract

Question 24

How many retinal ganglion cells does the optic nerve contain?

Answer 24

Approx. 1.2 - 1.5 million

Question 25

Where do the retinal ganglion cells synapse?

Answer 25

In the lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 26

What is the primary function of P cells?

Answer 26

Color vision and fine detail

Question 27

What is the primary function of koniocellular neurons?

Answer 27

Blue-yellow differentiation

Question 28

Name the 4 layers of the optic nerve.

Answer 28

1.Nerve fiber 2.Prelaminar 3.Laminar 4.Retrolaminar

Question 29

Where does the central retinal artery penetrate the optic nerve?

Answer 29

10-15 mm behind the globe

Question 30

What layer of the optic nerve lies adjacent to the sclera?

Answer 30

Lamina cribrosa

Question 31

Where does focal atrophy of the optic nerve most typically occur in early glaucoma?

Answer 31

Superior and inferior temporal poles

Question 32

What type of peripapillary atrophy is associated with glaucoma?

Answer 32

Beta-zone atrophy

Question 33

What type of refractive error is associated with alpha-zone peripapillary?

Answer 33

Myopia

Question 34

What causes the appearance of beta-zone peripapillary atrophy?

Answer 34

Complete loss of choriocapillaries and RPE