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Tovaroznalectvo > Glass, ceramics, light sources > Flashcards

Glass, ceramics, light sources Flashcards

1
Q

What is glass ?

A

*An amorphous solid material – in between the crystalline and the liquid state
*Its molecules are arranged in irregular pattern

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2
Q

Pros of glass

A

o Visible transmittance
o Optically transparent
o Weather and rust resistant
o Dustproof and waterproof
o Safe packaging material
o Insulator of eletricity
o Colour availability
o Recyclable
o UV stable

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3
Q

Cons of glass

A

o Brittleness
o Heat transparency
o Fragile

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4
Q

Division of raw materials

A

Major and Minor

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5
Q

Major raw materials

A

 Quartz/silica sand
 Soda ash
 Limestone

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6
Q

Minor raw materials

A

 Dolomite
 Crushed/recycled glass (cullet)
 Boric acid, lead oxide, sodium oxide (to get coloured glass)

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7
Q

History of glass

A

o The first manufactured glass material appeared 6000 years ago
o 1st Century B.C. – glass blowing begins (blow pipe was developed)
o By the 16th Century – glass was made all over Europe

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8
Q

Glass processing steps

A

Fusion of raw materials
Working with molten glass
Annealing
Finishing

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9
Q

Fusion of raw materials

A
  • The raw materials are weighed and mixed together to form the BATCH. Later broken glass is added to lower the temperature. The batch is melted in a furnace.
  • The furnaces are usually electrical, gas-fired, or oil-fired. The temperature varies from 1500°C to 2800°C according to the type of product.
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10
Q

Working with molten glass

A
  • Blowing (automatic blowing – bottles, lamp bulbs, traditional hand blowing)
  • Casting (large pieces of glass – mirror)
  • Drawing (Windows – thin sheets of glass)
  • Pressing (glass bricks, lenses)
  • Rolling (wired and plate glass)
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11
Q

Annealing

A
  • Annealing of glass is a process of slowly cooling down hot glass objects after they have been formed (glass will break when cooled suddenly)
  • In glass manufacturing, a special type of furnace, a Lehr is used for this process
  • Glassware moves through the oven’s zones on a conveyor belt
  • After annealing the glass can be cut, drilled, sized and polished for use
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12
Q

Finishing

A
  • Cleaning
  • Griding
  • Polishing
  • Etching
  • Engraving
  • Sandblasting
  • Cutting
  • Painting
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13
Q

How do we colour glass

A
  • Red colored glass can be obtained by adding selenium sulfide
  • Blue glass can be obtained by adding copper oxide
  • Milky glass can be obtained by adding alumina or phosphate
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14
Q

Types of glass

A
  • According to the melting point
  • According to chemical composition
  • Decorative and technical glass
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15
Q
  • According to the melting point
A

o Soda glass – soft glass - melting temperature of batch is 1300°C, bottles, windows
o Quartz glass – hard glass - melting temperature of batch is 1500°C, wine glasses, electrical bulbs
o Pyrex glass - melting temperature of batch is 1700°C, baking Jena dish, laboratory glass ware

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16
Q
  • According to chemical composition
A

o Silica glass
o Soda-lime glass – bottles
o Flint glass (lead glass) – optical lenses
o Borosilicate glass – glassware in kitchens and laboratories
o Alumo-silicate glass – screen of smartphones

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17
Q
  • Decorative glass
A

o Lead crystal glass – it sparkles, expensive glass ware

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18
Q

Technical glass

A

 Chemical – glassware in laboratories
 Optical – cameras, lenses, glasses
 Building – windows
 Safety – car glass, wired glass
 Glass fibers – surfboardsk, helmets, canoe

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19
Q

Future of glass

A
  • Functional integration of glass that can become an ideal substrate for OLED lighting, touch screens, etc.
  • Bioactive glass – include the original bioactive glass, bioglass, implant materials in the human body to repair and replace diseased or damaged bones
  • Smartphones – bendable glass, scratch resistance
  • Special coatings for buildings: Smart mirrors and highly insulating glass windows
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20
Q

Testing of glass

A
  • Impact testing
  • Thermal schock resistance
  • Physical inspection
  • Stress testing
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21
Q

Origins of ceramics

A

o Word ceramics derives from the Greek word keramos/keramikos, meaning “a potter” or “made of clay”
o One of the oldest human crafts
o The oldest ceramic object discovered is the statue of Venus
o The potter’s wheel has become a tool for creating pottery (Mesopotamia, 6000-4000 BC)

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22
Q

Raw materials (ceramics)

A

o Plastic base
o Fluxes (tavivá)
o Fillers (ostrivá)
o Colours/dyers

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23
Q

Plastic base

A

 Ball clay
 Stoneware clay
 Kaolin

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24
Q

Fluxes

A

 Silica
 Feldspar
 Talc

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25
Q

Fillers

A

 Limestone
 Other

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26
Q

Colours/dyers

A

 Metal oxides

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27
Q

Pottery products

A

o Earthenware
o Stoneware
o Porcelain

28
Q

Earthenware

A

 Brown, orange
 Are fired at 1000 to 1200 °C

29
Q

Stoneware

A

 Off white to grey
 1100 to 1300°C

30
Q

Porcelain

A

 White, very brittle
 1200 to 1400°C

31
Q

Basic processes (ceramics)

A

o Preparation of powders
o Forming and shaping
o Drying
o Firing
* Finishing processes

32
Q

o Forming and shaping

A

 Hand-building
 Potter’s wheel
 Granulates pressing
 Injection moulding
 3D Printing

33
Q

o Drying

A

 More stressful than firing
 Many varieties of dryers such as band, batch and tunnel, they are used together with eletrical and bottle kilns

34
Q

o Firing

A

 It undergoes chemical changes

35
Q
  • Finishing processes
A

o Application of glaze
o Glost firing
o Decoration

36
Q
  • Ceramic materials
A

o Are inorganic, non-metallic materials
o Are formed by heating and subsequent cooling

37
Q

o Properties of ceramic materials

A

 Extreme hardness
 Brittleness
 Heat and corrosion resistance
 High metling temperature
 Very good chemical and thermal stability

38
Q
  • Types of ceramics
A

o According to the porosity
o According to the usage
o According to the assortment
o Other classifications

39
Q

o According to the porosity

A

 Porous ceramics (ball clay, kaolin, bentonite)
 Non-porous ceramics (adding feldspar)
 Hard ceramics (+ flint, quartz)

40
Q

o According to the usage

A

 Utility ceramics
 Decorative ceramics
 Technical ceramics

41
Q

 Utility ceramics

A
  • Products for baking, storing or serving food made mostly of porcelain and pottery
42
Q

 Decorative ceramics

A
  • The emphasis is on the artistic side
  • Vases, candlesticks, ashtrays
  • Folk ceramics – jugs, plates for hanging
43
Q

 Technical ceramics

A

o Building ceramics – bricks, tiles
o Chemical stoneware – pumps, pipes, sinks
o Sewage ceramics – waste water drainage

44
Q

o According to the assortment

A

 Whiteware
 Redware

45
Q

o Other classifications

A

 Traditional ceramics
 Advanced ceramics

46
Q

 Traditional ceramics

A

o Pottery
o Tableware
o Stoneware
o Tiles
o Bricks
o Electrical porcelain

47
Q

 Advanced ceramics

A
  • Developed over the past 60 years
  • Special type of ceramics – electroceramics (optical, magnetic), nuclear and bioceramics (teeth, bones and joint replacements)
48
Q
  • Ceramics in Slovakia
A

o The inflluence of HABANS (came from Alpine countries)
o HABAN faience – a fine glazed earthenware used for ornamental and decorative purposes.
o Our territory – 16 – 17th century
o MAIOLICA - glazed ceramics with white background

49
Q

o Centres of ceramics in Slovakia:

A

 Modra – white base glaze, flower ornaments
 Sladice – similar to Modra and Haban faience
 Ľubietová – brown base glaze, white ornaments
 Pozdišovce – black base glaze, typical dance ornaments

50
Q
  • Chinese porcelain
A

o Chinese were far ahead of the rest of the world
o JINGDEZHEN – the birthplace of Chinese porcelain, 1000 B.C. (TANG Dynasty)
o Greatest development during HAN dynasty (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.)

51
Q

o Classification of chinese porcelain

A

 BONE China – lower firing temperature, cow bone ash is used – milky white colour, smoother glaze, more expensive
 FINE China – no bone content, heavier in weight, offwhite

52
Q
  • Light characteristics
A

o Intensity
o Direction
o Polarity
o Coherence
o Wavelenght
o Light travels in form of waves
o The amount and type of lighting directly affects our appetite, mood and daily life

53
Q
  • Division of light sources
A

o Natural light sources
o Artificial light resources

54
Q

o Natural light sources

A

 Include sun, stars, fire and electricity in storms
 There are animals which can create their own light like fireflies, jellyfish

55
Q

o Artificial light resources

A

 Are created by humans
 Flashlights, table lamps, neon signs and televisions
 Most of the light which are man-made need an energy source such as electricity or batteries to produce light
* Electrical light source
* Spot lights
* Surface lights

56
Q
  • Electrical light source
A

o They convert electrical current into visible light

57
Q
  • Spot lights
A

o Allow room lighting to suit individual needs
o Bathroom, kitchen

58
Q
  • Surface lights
A

o Street lights
o Sodium, LED or mercury vapor lights
o Energy efficient, Eco-friendly
o Rather expensive

59
Q

 Incandescent light bulbs

A
  • 19th century technology
  • Inventor – T.A. Edison
  • Generate light by heating the metal filament
  • Have been forbidden in EU since 2009
60
Q

 Incandescent light bulbs - advantages

A

o Low price
o Simple
o Cheap to manufacture

61
Q

 Incandescent light bulbs - disadvantages

A

o They often overheat
o 90% of energy is wasted
o Very low efficiency
o Short lifetime (1000 hours)
o High electricity consumption

62
Q
  • Halogen lamps
A

o Incandescent lamps that run in higher temperature
o The gas inside the bulb is halogen-based (iodine, bromine, xenone)
o They have been forbidden in EU since 2018

63
Q

 Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)

A
  • Energy-saving lamps
  • They have 2 electrodes in a glass tube
  • Use electric current to stimulate mercury vapor inside the lamp
64
Q

 Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) - advantages

A

o Various colours
o Use less energy
o Last 8-15 times longer (10 000 hours)

65
Q

Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) - disadvantages

A

o Relatively expensive
o Not eco-friendly – contain toxic mercury
o Emit ultraviolet (UV) radiation

66
Q

 Discharge lamp (výbojka)

A
  • HID lamps – high intensity discharge lamps
  • Vapor lamps for lighting large areas, headlights of cars and aircrafts
67
Q

 LED lamps/stripes

A
  • Electric current passes through a semi-conductor
  • Have tiny crystals of gallium instead of gas and one or mmore light-emitting diodes
  • Have 50 times longer life (50 000 hours)
  • Low power consumption
  • Are available in various colours

Tovaroznalectvo (2 decks)

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