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MMET 206 > Glass > Flashcards

Glass Flashcards

1
Q

Four Basic ingredients for ordinary (annealed) glass

A
  1. Sand (SiO2)
  2. Lime (CaO)
  3. Soda (Na2O)
  4. Glass Cullet (Recycled Glass)
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2
Q

Float Glass Process

A

Mixing of Soda, lime, and Silica
Melting, cooling, inspection, and cutting
Molten glass floats on molten Tin

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3
Q

Glass Classification

A

Silicate Glass: Amorphous and Crystalline
Non-Silicate Glass: Sapphire

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4
Q

Amorphous Glass

A

Soft: Soda-lime Silica, Lead-Alkali Silica
Hard: BoroSilicate, Aluminosilicate, 96% Silica, Fused Silica

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5
Q

Soda-Lime-Silica

A

Annealed, Tempered, Safety

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6
Q

Soft Glass Application

A

Stirring rods

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7
Q

Flux Oxides

A

Infused Na2O or CaO
Lowers the melting temperature of SiO2 glass

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8
Q

Borosilicate

A

Tg = 820 C
AKA Pyrex
lab glasswear, bakewear, boiling water

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9
Q

Aluminosilicate

A

Tg = 900C
The precursor glass for most glass-ceramics and chemically tempered glasses (e.g., touch screen)
stronger than silica and borosilicate

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10
Q

96% Silica Glass

A

Tg = 900C
Can be used at a much higher temperature than the borosilicate glass (continuously at 900°C and intermittently to 1200°C).

Will withstand considerably more thermal shock than
the borosilicate glass.

An acid resistant refractory material

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11
Q

Fused Silica Glass (Quartz Glass)

A

Tg = 1200 C
Low thermal expansion
Excellent electric insulation, transparency (UV), Chem. resistance
Heat Treatment Applications

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12
Q

Sapphire Glass

A

important Optical Material (Al2O3)
Hard, Scratch Resistant, LED Substrate

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13
Q

Glass-Ceramics

A

Polycrystalline glass
High Strength (4-5 x Soda-lime silica)
High thermal shock resistance
High heat resistance (Tg > 1000 C)

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14
Q

Making Glass-ceramics

A

Melting -> forming -> cooling -> nucleation -> heating -> growth -> cooling

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15
Q

Most important Glass Ceramic system

A

LiO - Al2O3 - SiO2 w/ nucleating agents: TiO2, P2O5

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16
Q

Applications of Glass Ceramics

A
  1. Missle Nose Cone: transparent to radar
  2. Induction heating cooktop
  3. Smartphone chassis
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17
Q

How can crystalline glass be transparent?

A

If the crystal size is less
than 200 nm, it will be
transparent to light.

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18
Q

Making annealed glass stronger

A
  1. Tempered Glass: Thermal and Chemical
  2. Safety Glass: Laminated
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19
Q

Annealed Glass

A

Slow cooling of molten glass in annealing lehr removes
internal stresses and becomes isotropic.

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20
Q

tempered Glass

A

Rapid cooling of the outer surfaces of a reheated
ordinary glass
Compressive stress on surfaces
Tensile stress in core
Causes glass to fracture into small pieces (Prince Rupert’s Drop)

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21
Q

Safety Glass

A

Lamination with Polyvinyl butyral (PVB)
windshield, glass building panels

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22
Q

Prince Rupert’s Drop

A

Tempered glass made by dropping molted glass into cool water
the bulb is extremely strong but the tail is extremely weak
will explode if tail is damaged.

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23
Q

Cornign Gorilla Glass (Chemical Temperring)

A

toughened through ion exchange
Potassium ions replaces sodium ions
creates a deep compression layer on surface

24
Q

Dragontail Glass

A

Soda-lime glass
Chemically toughened
Scratch resistant
Used for touch screens

25
Q

Case Study: Space Shuttle heat insulation tiles

A

Fused Silica (Fused Quartz)
extremely low thermal conductivity
Coating: graphite/borosilicate
Compositiion: 90% air, 10% silica fiber
Glue: Silicone-rubber

26
Q

Thermal Shock Resistance

A

The rapid exposure of materials to large temperature difference between the surface and the interior
Cause of fracture is due to thermally induced stress

27
Q

thermal Shock Index (TSI)

A

flexural strength x Thermal conductivity
TSI = ———————————————————————-
Thermal expansion coefficient x Elastic Modulus

28
Q

Meaning of Low Thermal expansion coefficient

A

High Thermal Shock Resistance

29
Q

Does Manufacturing glass involve sintering?

A

No

30
Q

Press-and-Blow technique

A

Used for making glass bottles
Uses compressed air to blow softened glass into a mold

31
Q

SAOC: Nuclear Fuel

A

Advanced Ceramic
UO2 as fuel for nuclear power plants (Pellet form)

32
Q

SAOC: Porcelain Whiteware

A

Traditional
used for pottery

33
Q

SAOC: Cement

A

Traditional
Mixture of aggregate (rocks,sand) and binding agent
Calcination process
28-day curing for high story buildings, 1 year to fully cure

34
Q

SAOC: Refractory Ceramics

A

Traditional and advanced
used in high heat application (kilnds, furnaces, foundries)
Neutral refractories: Al2O3, fireclay, graphite (Super high Tm)
Acid refractories: SiO2, ZrO2
Basic refractories: MgO

35
Q

SAOC: Abrasives

A

Very hard particles (grits) used for grinding, sanding, lapping, and polishing

36
Q

Superabrasives

A

Diamond (for non-ferrous applications)
cBN (cubic bornon Nitride)
Overall better performance than normal abbrasives

37
Q

Six hardest materials

A
  1. Diamond
  2. Cubic boron nitride (cBN)
  3. Boron carbide (B4C)
  4. Silicon carbide (SiC)
  5. Corundum (Al2O3)
  6. Tugnsten carbide (WC)
38
Q

SAOC: Protective Coatings

A

Glaze
Plasma Spray

39
Q

Glaze

A

Used on pottery and porcelain
waterproof finish
It is a form of glass

40
Q

Plasma Spray

A

Protects against wear, corrosion and thermal degredation
Melts select ceramics onto the substrate surface to form a thin protective, thermal insulating coating

41
Q

Thermal Barrier Coating

A

Used on aircraft engine turbine blades
Zirconia (ZrO2) is widely used
- has very low thermal conductivity
Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) also need coating

42
Q

SAOC

A

Standoff/Suspension Isulators: Porcelain, glass

43
Q

Dielectric Strength

A

The maximum voltage required to produce a dielectric
breakdown (insulation breakdown) through the material
Power transmission lines and sparkplugs

44
Q

Superconductors

A

Materials that have no electric resistance at extremely low temperatures

45
Q

Critical Temperature (Tc)

A

Temp at which electrical resistance is 0

46
Q

Best Superconductor

A

Hg + Ti + Ba + Ca + Cu + O

47
Q

Characteristics of Superconductors

A
  • Zero electrical resistance
  • Expulsion of magnetic fields (Meissner effect)
  • Quantum locking (flux pinning) to magnetic fields
48
Q

Low Temp Superconductors

A

Tc < -196.2 C
Liquid He or H2 used for chilling
Electromagnet applications

49
Q

High Temp Superconductors

A

Tc > -196.2 C
Liquid N2 used for chilling
Meissner/locking and electromagnet applications

50
Q

MRI

A

Superconducting Elctromagnet
coils bathed in liquid helium
generates 0.5-3.0 tesla fields
hydrogen protons react to magnetic field

51
Q

Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

A

Superconducting Elctromagnets
cable fillaments made of niobium-titanium (NbTi)
bathed in liquid helium
carries 11,850 Amperes

52
Q

Maglev Trains (3 types)

A

Non-superconductor
Low temp superconductor
high temp superconductor

53
Q

How do Maglev trains work?

A

Magnetic Attraction or Repulsion (Lateral and Levitational)
Levitation by liquid nitrogen, not electricity

54
Q

Nuclear Fusion Energy

A

Requires 100 million C (6x hotter than the sun’s core)
uses strong magnetic field to confine plasma into a torus shape
Hot hydrogen plasma

55
Q

Permanent Magnets

A

Ferrite Magnets made by calcinating a mixture of iron oxide and:

MMET 206 (3 decks)

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