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MMET 206 > Glass > Flashcards

Glass Flashcards

1
Q

Four Basic ingredients for ordinary (annealed) glass

A
  1. Sand (SiO2)
  2. Lime (CaO)
  3. Soda (Na2O)
  4. Glass Cullet (Recycled Glass)
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2
Q

Float Glass Process

A

Mixing of Soda, lime, and Silica
Melting, cooling, inspection, and cutting
Molten glass floats on molten Tin

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3
Q

Glass Classification

A

Silicate Glass: Amorphous and Crystalline
Non-Silicate Glass: Sapphire

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4
Q

Amorphous Glass

A

Soft: Soda-lime Silica, Lead-Alkali Silica
Hard: BoroSilicate, Aluminosilicate, 96% Silica, Fused Silica

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5
Q

Soda-Lime-Silica

A

Annealed, Tempered, Safety

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6
Q

Soft Glass Application

A

Stirring rods

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7
Q

Flux Oxides

A

Infused Na2O or CaO
Lowers the melting temperature of SiO2 glass

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8
Q

Borosilicate

A

Tg = 820 C
AKA Pyrex
lab glasswear, bakewear, boiling water

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9
Q

Aluminosilicate

A

Tg = 900C
The precursor glass for most glass-ceramics and chemically tempered glasses (e.g., touch screen)
stronger than silica and borosilicate

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10
Q

96% Silica Glass

A

Tg = 900C
Can be used at a much higher temperature than the borosilicate glass (continuously at 900°C and intermittently to 1200°C).

Will withstand considerably more thermal shock than
the borosilicate glass.

An acid resistant refractory material

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11
Q

Fused Silica Glass (Quartz Glass)

A

Tg = 1200 C
Low thermal expansion
Excellent electric insulation, transparency (UV), Chem. resistance
Heat Treatment Applications

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12
Q

Sapphire Glass

A

important Optical Material (Al2O3)
Hard, Scratch Resistant, LED Substrate

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13
Q

Glass-Ceramics

A

Polycrystalline glass
High Strength (4-5 x Soda-lime silica)
High thermal shock resistance
High heat resistance (Tg > 1000 C)

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14
Q

Making Glass-ceramics

A

Melting -> forming -> cooling -> nucleation -> heating -> growth -> cooling

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15
Q

Most important Glass Ceramic system

A

LiO - Al2O3 - SiO2 w/ nucleating agents: TiO2, P2O5

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16
Q

Applications of Glass Ceramics

A
  1. Missle Nose Cone: transparent to radar
  2. Induction heating cooktop
  3. Smartphone chassis
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17
Q

How can crystalline glass be transparent?

A

If the crystal size is less
than 200 nm, it will be
transparent to light.

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18
Q

Making annealed glass stronger

A
  1. Tempered Glass: Thermal and Chemical
  2. Safety Glass: Laminated
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19
Q

Annealed Glass

A

Slow cooling of molten glass in annealing lehr removes
internal stresses and becomes isotropic.

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20
Q

tempered Glass

A

Rapid cooling of the outer surfaces of a reheated
ordinary glass
Compressive stress on surfaces
Tensile stress in core
Causes glass to fracture into small pieces (Prince Rupert’s Drop)

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21
Q

Safety Glass

A

Lamination with Polyvinyl butyral (PVB)
windshield, glass building panels

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22
Q

Prince Rupert’s Drop

A

Tempered glass made by dropping molted glass into cool water
the bulb is extremely strong but the tail is extremely weak
will explode if tail is damaged.

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23
Q

Cornign Gorilla Glass (Chemical Temperring)

A

toughened through ion exchange
Potassium ions replaces sodium ions
creates a deep compression layer on surface

24
Q

Dragontail Glass

A

Soda-lime glass
Chemically toughened
Scratch resistant
Used for touch screens

25
Case Study: Space Shuttle heat insulation tiles
Fused Silica (Fused Quartz) extremely low thermal conductivity Coating: graphite/borosilicate Compositiion: 90% air, 10% silica fiber Glue: Silicone-rubber
26
Thermal Shock Resistance
The rapid exposure of materials to large temperature difference between the surface and the interior Cause of fracture is due to thermally induced stress
27
thermal Shock Index (TSI)
flexural strength x Thermal conductivity TSI = ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Thermal expansion coefficient x Elastic Modulus
28
Meaning of Low Thermal expansion coefficient
High Thermal Shock Resistance
29
Does Manufacturing glass involve sintering?
No
30
Press-and-Blow technique
Used for making glass bottles Uses compressed air to blow softened glass into a mold
31
SAOC: Nuclear Fuel
Advanced Ceramic UO2 as fuel for nuclear power plants (Pellet form)
32
SAOC: Porcelain Whiteware
Traditional used for pottery
33
SAOC: Cement
Traditional Mixture of aggregate (rocks,sand) and binding agent Calcination process 28-day curing for high story buildings, 1 year to fully cure
34
SAOC: Refractory Ceramics
Traditional and advanced used in high heat application (kilnds, furnaces, foundries) Neutral refractories: Al2O3, fireclay, graphite (Super high Tm) Acid refractories: SiO2, ZrO2 Basic refractories: MgO
35
SAOC: Abrasives
Very hard particles (grits) used for grinding, sanding, lapping, and polishing
36
Superabrasives
Diamond (for non-ferrous applications) cBN (cubic bornon Nitride) Overall better performance than normal abbrasives
37
Six hardest materials
1. Diamond 2. Cubic boron nitride (cBN) 3. Boron carbide (B4C) 4. Silicon carbide (SiC) 5. Corundum (Al2O3) 6. Tugnsten carbide (WC)
38
SAOC: Protective Coatings
Glaze Plasma Spray
39
Glaze
Used on pottery and porcelain waterproof finish It is a form of glass
40
Plasma Spray
Protects against wear, corrosion and thermal degredation Melts select ceramics onto the substrate surface to form a thin protective, thermal insulating coating
41
Thermal Barrier Coating
Used on aircraft engine turbine blades Zirconia (ZrO2) is widely used - has very low thermal conductivity Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) also need coating
42
SAOC
Standoff/Suspension Isulators: Porcelain, glass
43
Dielectric Strength
The maximum voltage required to produce a dielectric breakdown (insulation breakdown) through the material Power transmission lines and sparkplugs
44
Superconductors
Materials that have no electric resistance at extremely low temperatures
45
Critical Temperature (Tc)
Temp at which electrical resistance is 0
46
Best Superconductor
Hg + Ti + Ba + Ca + Cu + O
47
Characteristics of Superconductors
* Zero electrical resistance * Expulsion of magnetic fields (Meissner effect) * Quantum locking (flux pinning) to magnetic fields
48
Low Temp Superconductors
Tc < -196.2 C Liquid He or H2 used for chilling Electromagnet applications
49
High Temp Superconductors
Tc > -196.2 C Liquid N2 used for chilling Meissner/locking and electromagnet applications
50
MRI
Superconducting Elctromagnet coils bathed in liquid helium generates 0.5-3.0 tesla fields hydrogen protons react to magnetic field
51
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
Superconducting Elctromagnets cable fillaments made of niobium-titanium (NbTi) bathed in liquid helium carries 11,850 Amperes
52
Maglev Trains (3 types)
Non-superconductor Low temp superconductor high temp superconductor
53
How do Maglev trains work?
Magnetic Attraction or Repulsion (Lateral and Levitational) Levitation by liquid nitrogen, not electricity
54
Nuclear Fusion Energy
Requires 100 million C (6x hotter than the sun's core) uses strong magnetic field to confine plasma into a torus shape Hot hydrogen plasma
55
Permanent Magnets
Ferrite Magnets made by calcinating a mixture of iron oxide and:

MMET 206 (3 decks)

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