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Head & Neck Anatomy > Glandular, nervous, & lymphatic systems, Embryology > Flashcards

Glandular, nervous, & lymphatic systems, Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved with the glandular tissue?

A

Lacrimal
Salivary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus glands

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2
Q

Structure that produces a chemical secretion necessary for normal body function

A

Gland

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3
Q

Gland that has a duct associated with it (exit sign)

A

Exocrine gland

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4
Q

A passageway that allows the secretion to be emptied directly into the location where the secretion is to be used

A

Duct

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5
Q

What gland is ductless and secretes hormones?

A

Endocrine gland

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6
Q

Paired, almond-shaped, exocrine glands that secrete lacrimal fluid (tears)

A

Lacrimal glands

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7
Q

Associated with dry eyes and mouth

A

Sjogren’s syndrome

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8
Q

Lubricates conjunctiva lining the inside of the eyelids and front of eyeball

A

Lacrimal glands

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9
Q

What are salivary glands controlled by?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

What are salivary glands divided into?

A

Major
Minor

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11
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

o Parotid
o Submandibular
o Sublingual

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12
Q

o Largest major salivary gland
o Serous secretion (watery)
o 25% volume

A

Parotid salivary gland

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13
Q

What duct is associated with the parotid salivary gland?

A

Stensen’s duct

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14
Q

o Second largest major salivary gland
o Serous & mucous secretions
 Slippery saliva
o 60-65% volume (#1 in saliva production)

A

Submandibular salivary gland

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15
Q

What is #1 in salivary production?

A

Submandibular salivary gland

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16
Q

What duct is associated with the submandibular salivary gland?

A

Wharton’s duct

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17
Q

What is the #1 side effect of the submandibular salivary gland?

A

Dry mouth

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18
Q

o Smallest, most diffuse, major salivary gland
o Mucous secretion
o 10% volume (least production)

A

Sublingual salivary gland

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19
Q

What duct is associated with the sublingual salivary gland?

A

Bartholin’s duct

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20
Q

o Smaller than the larger major salivary glands but are more numerous in number
o They are not individually encapsulated but surrounded by connective tissue within the submucosa
o <10% volume
o Exocrine glands

A

Minor salivary glands

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21
Q

Salivary stone

A

Sialolith

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22
Q
  • Masses in salivary glands
  • Painful
  • May be removed surgically
A

Sialolith

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23
Q

Blood filled – purple/blue look

A

Ranula

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24
Q

Saliva filled – pink/clear

A

Mucocele

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25
Q

Dry mouth

A

Xerostomia

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26
Q
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Body dries out
A

Sjogren syndrome

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27
Q

Hard palate is whitened by hyperkeratinization

A

Nicotinic stomatitis

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28
Q

o Largest endocrine gland
o Secrete hormones
-Thyroxine

A

Thyroid gland

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29
Q
  • Enlarged thyroid gland
  • May be firm and tender
A

Goiter

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30
Q
  • Underactive thyroid
  • Weight gain
  • Fatigue
A

Hypothyroidism

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31
Q
  • Overactive thyroid
  • Nervousness
  • Insomnia
  • Heart palpitations
A

Hyperthyroidism

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32
Q

o Consist of four small endocrine glands, two each side
o Because the glands are ductless, they produce and secrete hormones directly into the vascular system
o Not palpated or seen, too deep

A

Parathyroid glands

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33
Q

o Endocrine gland
o Makes & trains T-cells

A

Thymus gland

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34
Q

What are T-cells?
When do they form?
When do you have them by?

A

-Fighter cells
- Before birth
- The end of puberty

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35
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves?

A

12

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36
Q

How many single cranial nerves?

A

24

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37
Q

All cranial nerves connect to the brain at the base and pass through the skull by ______

A

Foramina and fissures

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38
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory

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39
Q

Efferent

A

Motor

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40
Q

What are the types of nerves?

A

Afferent
Efferent
Mixed

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41
Q

 Taking information from periphery and sending it to brain
* Smell
* Heat

A

Afferent nerves

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42
Q

 Take information from brain to periphery to make a movement
 Feel heat, then moves hand

A

Efferent nerves

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43
Q

Have sensory and/or motor function

A

Mixed nerves

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44
Q

What nerve is I?

A

Olfactory

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45
Q

Olfactory nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?

A

-Sensory
-Smell to brain
-Through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

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46
Q

What is nerve II?

A

Optic

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47
Q

Optic nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?

A

-Sensory
-Sight to brain
-Through optic canal of sphenoid bone

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48
Q

What is nerve III?

A

Oculomotor

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49
Q

Oculomotor nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?

A

-Motor
-Moves eyeball
-Through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

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50
Q

What is nerve IV?

A

Trochlear

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51
Q

Trochlear nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?

A

-Motor
-Moves eyeball
-Through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

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52
Q

What is nerve V?

A

Trigeminal
-Opthalmic
-Maxillary
-Mandibular

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53
Q

Trigeminal nerves - OMM
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?

A

-Sensory
-Provides sensory information
-Through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

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54
Q

What is the largest branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Mandibular branch

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55
Q

What is nerve VI?

A

Abducens

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56
Q

Abducens nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?

A

-Motor
-Moves eyeballs
-Through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

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57
Q

What is nerve VII?

A

Facial

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58
Q

Facial nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?

A

-Mixed
-Facial expressions
-Through stylomastoid foramen of temporal bone

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59
Q

What is nerve VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear
-Auditory

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60
Q

Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) Nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?

A

-Sensory
-Hearing and balance
-Through external acoustic meatus

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61
Q

What is nerve IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal

62
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?

A

-Mixed
-Taste, sensations from tongue
-Jugular formen

63
Q

What is nerve X?

A

Vagus

64
Q

Vagus nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?

A

-Mixed
-Vomit
-Jugular formen

65
Q

What is nerve XI?

A

Accessory

66
Q

Accessory nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?

A

-Motor
-Controls neck
-Jugular foramen

67
Q

What is nerve XII?

A

Hypoglossal

68
Q

Hypoglossal nerve
-Type?
-Function?
-Exits through?

A

-Motor
-Shape and movement of tongue
-Hypoglossal foramen

69
Q

What nerves are synergistic?
Number and name

A

III - Oculomotor
IV - Trochlear
VI - Abducens

70
Q

What five nerves do we inject in the maxillary nerve?

A

-Anterior superior alveolar N.
-Middle superior alveolar N.
-Posterior superior alveolar N.
-Greater palatine N.
-Nasopalatine N.

71
Q

What four nerves do we inject in the mandibular nerve?

A

-Buccal N.
-Inferior alveolar N.
-Mental N.
-Incisive N.

72
Q

 Joins infraorbital nerve through infraorbital foramen
 Sense & pain of maxillary central, maxillary lateral, canine, periodontium, pulp, gingiva

A

ASA nerve block

73
Q

What teeth would an ASA on the right side block?

A

6, 7, and 8

74
Q

What teeth would an ASA on the left side block?

A

9, 10, and 11

75
Q

 Exits through Infraorbital foramen
 Sense & pain to maxillary premolar and mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars facially
 Does NOT numb entire maxillary first molar

A

MSA nerve block

76
Q

What teeth would an MSA on the right side block?

A

MB root of 3, and 4+5

77
Q

What teeth would an MSA on the left side block?

A

MB of 14, 13+12

78
Q

 Exits through Infraorbital foramen
 Distobuccal root of maxillary 1st molar, 2nd molar, 3rd molar, tissue facially, and maxillary sinuses

A

PSA nerve block

79
Q

 Exits though Greater palatine foramen (on palatine bones)
 Posterior hard palate, posterior lingual gingiva

A

GP nerve block

80
Q

 Exits through incisive foramen (8,9)
 Anterior hard palate, lingual gingiva of maxillary anterior teeth, and nasal septal tissue
 Innervates tissue on right and left, canines and everything forward

A

NP nerve block

81
Q

Skin of check, buccal mucous membranes, and buccal gingiva of mandibular posterior teeth

A

Buccal nerve block

82
Q

What teeth are affected from a left inferior alveolar nerve block?

A

17-24

83
Q

What teeth are affected from a right inferior alveolar nerve block?

A

25-32

84
Q

 Mental foramen
 Chin, lower lip, labial mucosa near mandibular anterior teeth and pm

A

Mental incisive nerve block

85
Q

 Merges with mental n. through mental foramen
 Anterior mandibular teeth

A

Incisive nerve block

86
Q

What muscles are moved by the temporal branch?

A
  • Orbicularis oculi
  • Corrugator supercilium
87
Q

What muscles are moved by the buccal branches?

A
  • Upper lip and nose
  • Buccinator
  • Risorius
  • Orbicularis oris
88
Q

What muscles are moved by the mandibular branch?

A
  • Lower lip
  • Mentalis muscle
89
Q

What muscle is moved by the cervical branch?

A

Platysma muscle

90
Q

Base of the large circumvallate lingual papillae on the posterior part of the tongue’s dorsal surface

A

Von Ebner salivary gland

91
Q

What indicates a neoplastic growth?

A

Loss of mobility of the thyroid gland

92
Q

Aids immune system in fighting disease

A

Lymphatic system

93
Q

What is the lymphatic system a network of?

A

Lymph vessels
Nodes
Ducts
Tonsils

94
Q

What does the lymph system communicate with?

A

Blood vessels

95
Q

Where are lymphs at in teeth with an abcess?

A

Pulp

96
Q

o More numerous than blood vessels
o Larger and thicker than capillaries

A

Lymph vessels

97
Q

o System of channels
o Parallel venous blood vessels
o One-way flow valves

A

Lymph vessels

98
Q

Liquid tissue

A

Lymph

99
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Cells in lymphs

100
Q

Tissue/liquid draining and passing through lymph node

A

Lymphs

101
Q

o Bean shaped (1-2cm long)
o Filter toxic products from lymph

A

Lymph nodes

102
Q

What are lymph nodes like in a healthy patient?

A

Small
Soft
Mobile

103
Q

What is the drainage pattern of afferent lymph vessels?

A

Allows flow into nodes

104
Q

What is the drainage pattern of efferent lymph vessels?

A

Flow out of vessels through hilus

105
Q

Depressed area in middle of lymph node

A

Hilus

106
Q

o Masses of lymphoid tissue
o Seated between anterior & posterior tonsillar pillars
o Oral cavity
o Pharynx

A

Tonsillar tissue

107
Q

What are tonsil stones composed of?

A

Mucous
Snot
Bacteria

108
Q

What causes bad breath?

A

Tonsil stones

109
Q

How long does a patient with strep throat have to be on antibiotics to be treated?

A

24 hours

110
Q

What are the five superficial lymph nodes of the head?

A

Occipital
Retroarticular
Anterior auricular
Superficial parotid
Facial

111
Q

 1-3
 Bilateral
 Brain occipital region

A

Occipital lymph nodes

112
Q

 1-3
 Posterior to ear

A

Retroarticular lymph nodes

113
Q

 1-3
 Anterior to each ear

A

Anterior auricular lymph nodes

114
Q

 1-10
 Superficial to each parotid gland

A

Superficial parotid

115
Q

 1-12
 Positioned along length of facial vein

A

Facial lymph nodes

116
Q

Fever for several days, vesicular skin lesions, swollen occipital lymph nodes

A

Primary varicella infection
(Chicken pox)

117
Q

What deep nodes can and cannot be palpated?

A

Can: Superior & inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
Cannot: deep lymph nodes

118
Q

What are the four superficial cervical lymph nodes?

A

-Submental/Sublingual
-Submandibular
-External jugular
-Anterior jugular

119
Q

Where are the locations of the submandibular superficial cervical lymph nodes?

A

-Cheeks
-Upper lip
-Body of tongue
-Anterior portion of hard palate
-Teeth except mand. incisors & max. 3rd molars

120
Q

From conception to when baby is born

A

Embryology

121
Q

What months are the first trimester?

A

Months 1-3

122
Q

What months are the second trimester?

A

Months 4-6

123
Q

What months are the third trimester?

A

Months 7-9

124
Q

What week is a zygote?

A

Week 1

125
Q

What weeks are the embryonic stage?

A

Weeks 2-8

126
Q

When is the fetal stage?

A

Weeks 9-birth

127
Q

When does facial development begin?

A

Second month of pregnancy

128
Q

What are the primary germ layers? Describe them

A

Ectoderm - superficial
Mesoderm - Middle
Endoderm - Deepest

129
Q

What is the stomodeum? When does it form?

A

Future mouth
Second month

130
Q

Large prominence above the stomodeum

A

Frontonasal prominence

131
Q

What does the frontonasal prominence form?

A

 Forehead
 Middle of nose
 Part of the dental arch

132
Q

Below the stomodeum
-First arch
-End of third week

A

Mandibular prominence

133
Q

What does the mandibular prominence form?

A

Mandible
Components of the lower jaw

134
Q

o Both sides of the stomodeum
o Pinch off from the mandibular arch
-Arch 1

A

Maxillary prominence

135
Q

What does the maxillary prominence form?

A

 Maxillary bones
 Sides of the nose
 Portion of the upper lip not formed by the frontonasal process

136
Q

-Second arch
-Below mandibular arch

A

Hyoid prominence

137
Q

When are the first noticeable changes in an embryo seen?

A

Second month

138
Q

What are the future nostrils?

A

Nasal placodes

139
Q

o Break through opening the oral/nasal cavity
o Located inferiorly to nasal placodes

A

Nasal pits

140
Q

What is mesial to the nasal pits?

A

Nasomedial prominence

141
Q

What does the nasomedial prominence form?

A

 Middle of nose
 Philtrum
 Portion of dental arch (4 upper incisors)
 Primary palate
 Alae

142
Q

Move from sides of head to the front by the end of development

A

Eyes

143
Q

o Begins between the mandibular arch and the hyoid bone
o Begin low and forward before moving into position back and lateral

A

Ears

144
Q

Large mouth

A

Macrostomia

145
Q

Small mouth

A

Microstomia

146
Q

Drains tears from eye to nasal cavity

A

Nasolacrimal duct

147
Q

Where the Maxillary process joins the nasolateral prominence

A

Nasolacrimal groove

148
Q

When does a cleft lip or palate form?

A

Weeks 5-6

149
Q

What process’s didn’t fuse together to form a left cleft lip?

A

Left maxillary process
Nasiomedial process

150
Q

When is it safest to treat pregnant women?

A

2nd trimester

151
Q

What autoimmune disease is associated with xerostomia?

A

Sjogren’s syndrome

Head & Neck Anatomy (2 decks)

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