Glaciers (Lake District) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is freeze thaw weathering?

A

When water seeps into the cracks of the rocks and freezes over night, expands, and breaks pieces of load off of the mountain/ glacier.

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2
Q

What is plucking?

A

When meltwater surrounds a piece of load and freezes around it, as the glacier moves forward, the load gets plucked off of the glacier floor into the glacier.

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3
Q

What is abrasion?

A

When the force of the ice and it’s sediments beneath it start to grind along the glacier,, wearing it down.

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4
Q

Name types of erosion that occur in a glacier?

A
  • abrasion
  • plucking
  • freeze thaw weathering
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5
Q

Name the two type of glacial movement:

A
  • rotational slip
  • basal sliding
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6
Q

What is rotational slip?

A

when a glacier moves in a circular motion that may erode hollows in the landscape forming corries

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7
Q

What is bulldozing?

A

when the glacier’s snout gathers ground till as it advances down the glacier, eventually when it reaches the bottom of the glacier it leaves ridges of till at the bottom as the glacier retreats again.

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8
Q

How is a corrie formed?

A

snow gathers in depression on a mountain side, more often on the north facing side due to the lack of sunlight hitting it. Over time, the snow compresses itself to form ice crystals under its own weight, and eventually turns into ice. As the glacier becomes more denser it becomes heavier, and the bottom of the glacier starts to slightly melt into meltwater, and because of gravity, helps the glacier to move by rotational slip. Plucking can occur at the bottom of the corrie, where parts of the glacier floor get surrounded by this meltwater, freezes and gets pulled away from the rock into the glacier. Freeze thaw weathering also occur on the steep back wall where water expands into cracks of the wall breaking pieces off. The broken off sediment turns into erosional tools for the glacier to abrade deeper into the corrie. As the glacier moves in the corrie, it starts to leave it, and as it passes over the corrie lip its energy decreases and lots of sediment get deposited there. Over time the glacier will melt in the corrie forming a tarn.

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9
Q

What is till?

A

Unsorted sediment with a range of sizes and shapes.

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10
Q

What percentage of ice covered the earth in the last ice age?

A

32% covering the earths land and 30% covering the seas.

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11
Q

What is basal sliding?

A

When a glacier forms meltwater beneath itself due to its weight, this lubricates the bottom of the glacier allowing the glacier to move and slide.

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12
Q

What is an arête and how is it formed?

A

An arête is a ridge of land between two glacier valleys or at the back of a corrie.
It forms due to the erosional processes (abrasion and freeze thaw weathering) occur on two adjacent corries/ glacier valleys. Basal sliding occurs on both corries, meaning that abrasion occurs on the steep back wall, making them more vertical and the corries deeper, which forms the thing ridge.

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13
Q

What is a pyramidal peak?

A

When three corries or glacier valley’s meet at one point and their arêtes all join up in a single mountain peak. Due to the basal sliding and rotational slip, plucking and abrasion occur making the glaciers deeper and freeze thaw weathering occurs no the back walls making them more vertical and the pyramidal peek pointed and distinguished.

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14
Q

How is a glacial trough formed?

A

-As a glacier progresses down a V-shaped valley due to gravity, the processes that occur can shape the landscape differently.
-As a glacier collects more snow, it compresses and becomes denser, this increases its erosional power to abrade and pluck away at the valley grinding the floor, making it deeper.
-Over time the glacier will abrade and pluck at the sides of the V-shaped valley, making the walls more vertical and rocky.
-The valley floor also gets abrades downwards by the sediment at the bottom of the glacier making the floor wider and flatter.
-Plucking occurs, breaking pieces of the valley off from the sides and bottom by the meltwater freezing around rocks, which gives the glacier more erosional tools as it gets transported down the glacier.
-When the glacier retreats and melts away it reveals a U-shaped valley, a glacial trough, characterised by its deep vertical sides and its flat valley floor. In the middle is a misfit river, which no longer fits in with the huge disproportionate valley. Above, glacial tributaries have also melted away, leaving hanging valleys which waterfalls fall from into the misfit river below.
-The moraine that the glacier has deposited is fertile, which vegetation can grow from.

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15
Q

What are drumlins and how are they formed?

A

A drumlin is an egg-shaped mound of glacial till that has collected in groups forming a hill like shape on the glacier floor. They are characterised with a toss end (a steep end) and a tapered end, this is caused when the glacier snout approaches a stickier, well saturated part of the ground, making the till more mouldable. It bulldozes this sediment collecting it in a mound until the glacier starts to progress and climb over the mound, due to the glacier’s weight the mound gets flattened on one side creating the tapered side of the drumlin which is revealed once the glacier melts away.

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16
Q

What are ribbon lakes and how are they formed?

A

Ribbon lakes are long thin lakes where water has collected into depressions caused by the abrasion and plucking of the previous glacier.
This is when the geology of the glacier bed is made of a pocket of softer rock surrounded in harder rock, this makes it more susceptible to abrasion and plucking from the glacier ad its sediments trapped underneath. This creates a depression in the glacier bed which gets deeper and deeper, as the glacier leaves the depression, due to more friction, the glacier stats to deposit till on the other side of the depression forming a lip which will act as a dam when the glacier melts away, exposing the ribbon lake.

17
Q

What are some economic opportunities for glaciers? (4)

A

Forestry-
-Due to the abundance of space and green land, people farm trees to contribute to the lumber industry instead of building other types of industry such as factories due to the steep incline. The glacier has slightly acidic soil and it’s very cold, so they take advantage of this by planting coniferous trees that can cope with these conditions

Tourism-
-People can be fascinated with the geology ad history of a place, gathering people to come and visit whilst spending their money willingly on holiday, this helps fund the running of the nearby town like schools, and contributes to the multiplier effect as more people with small businesses make more money from tourists.

Farming-
-It utilises the land type which isn’t able to accommodate for urbanising. The highland, cooler and steeper areas of the glacier are great for pastoral farming, for sheep and goats, which maximises its potential. Lowland areas which are warmer and flatter are great for arable farming, for potatoes and other wheats as the soil is fertile.

Quarrying-
-In highland areas there are exposed rock from plucking and freeze thaw weathering which can be dug up by machinery to be used in construction. This compensates for the lack of urbanisation. In the lowland areas, sand and gravel is common as they have been deposited through meltwater. these can be collected and used in construction to make concrete and cement.

18
Q

In the Lake District, how many people visit every year and what percent visit by car?

A

16.4 million and 83% travel by car.

19
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages in tourism for the Lake district?

A

Advantages-
-Makes more jobs in the area, increasing rate of employability.
-Contributes to a positive multiplier effect as tourists are willingly to spend more money won holiday.
-Celebrates the heritage of the place, and educated people

Disadvantages-
-Traffic, congestion
-Tourists can cause disruptions such as trespassing on farmland and can erode the natural landscape
-The landscape can be tainted and start to become unattractive
-Makes the place chaotic and not tranquil.

20
Q

What are the impacts of tourism in the Lake District and how do they fix these problems?

A

Economic a/d-
a-
Supplied 18,000 jobs in 2017.
1.5 billion was made in 2017 which helps the multiplier effect for small businesses.

d-
Raised the house prices with them averaging at £350,000 and the average wage in the area being £20,000, this means that not many people can afford to stay/ live in their local area, decreasing the amount of jobs needed to support such a small community, decreasing the employability rate.

Solutions-
Affordable housing and local occupancy schemes help to make it harder for tourists to buy houses as they need to fit a certain criteria, they have also turned derelict places into housing places to help locals find affordable housing.

Social a/d-
a-
50% of businesses in the village Ambleside cater for tourists, charging them higher as more people are willing to spend more on holiday, this gives may people jobs and sources of income.

d-
Lots of congestion is formed by tourism tainting the attractiveness of the place long their pride.
Many people can’t afford to stay as the annual salary of £20,000 isn’t enough to afford the housing. Most of the housing is bough as holiday or second homes, which decrease the actual community’s population, meaning schools have to shut down and many doctors are underfunded due to the small population.

Solutions-
Park and ride bus schemes helps transports more passengers with a smaller amount of vehicles on the road, which reduces the congestion, noise and air pollution for a lower cost, also takes tourists on exclusive destinations.

Environmental a/d-
a-
Helps fund maintenance of the landscape, Fix the fells for example.

d-
Erodes the landscape, like the footpaths on the lake district trails reducing its attractiveness also water sports tend to erode and cause noise pollution.
Honeypot sites also increase the amount of damage in the vegetation and air pollution and litter, damaging the wild life.

Solutions-
Signs to remind tourists to use the bins, reducing the amount of litter and harm for wild life, also makes the landscape more attractive.
Speed limits and designated zones in lakes, helps to reduce the amount of water sports from happening decreasing the noise pollution and erosion caused, also decreases how busy the water is, like in Lake Windermere there is a 10-6 speed limit.
Fix the Fells scheme helps o recover the erosion done to trail paths by replacing the ground with natural yet more durable materials to blend in with the landscape whilst protecting from erosion.

21
Q

State a physical and human attraction:

A

Lake Windermere
Ravenglass bathhouse

22
Q

What is the name of the zone where a glacier receives precipitation?

A

zone of accumulation

23
Q

What is the name of the zone where a glacier outputs precipitation?

A

zone of ablation

24
Q

What is glacial budget

A

the relationship between accumulation and ablation resulting in the glacier retreating or advancing.

25
Q

What are two types of moraine deposition:

A
  • outwash
  • glacial till
26
Q

What is moraine?

A

the sediment transported by a. glacier

27
Q

What are the different places which moraine can be found in a glacier?

A
  • lateral
  • medial
  • ground
  • terminal
28
Q

When was the last ice age and how much was the UK covered in ice?

A

10,000 yrs ago
All of Scotland, some of northern Wales, some of northern England, most of Northern Ireland.

29
Q

What is an ice sheet?

A

A big mass of ice more than 50,000km²

30
Q

What is an ice cap?

A

A small mass of ice less than 50,000km²

31
Q

What is a glacier?

A

A finger of ice that usually extended down from an icecaps occupying a valley.

32
Q

What is a glacial system?

A

The balance between the input and output of precipitation resulting in the glacier advancing or retreating.