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Ecology 228 > Glaciers > Flashcards

Glaciers Flashcards

1
Q

Glacier

A

moving mass of ice that begins on land

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2
Q

Glaciers form when

A

there is a year to year snow surplus

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3
Q

Firn

A

snow that survives a full season of ablation, partially compacted

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4
Q

Cold glacier

A

Glacier which is frozen to the bed rock and no erosion

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5
Q

basal sliding

A

glacier sliding over the bed before it due to melt water under the ice

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6
Q

Alpine glaciers form in

A

narrow mountian valleys

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7
Q

Alpine glaciers start as

A

cirque glaciers

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8
Q

piedmont glaciers

A

steep valley glaciers spill into realitively flat plains into bulb like lobes

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9
Q

Continental glaciers Shape

A

Dome

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10
Q

continental glaciers grow from

A

centeral accumulation zone

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11
Q

examples of continental glaciers

A

antartica, greenland

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12
Q

Accumulation zone

A

Upper part of glacier

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13
Q

Accumulation zone has a + or - mass balance

A

+

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14
Q

What causes flow (glaciers)

A

Annual Accumulation> Ablation

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15
Q

Ablation zone

A

Lower part of glacier- net loss from melting, calving

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16
Q

Negitive mass balance caused by

A

Ablation> accumulation

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17
Q

Equilibrium line

A

(~firnline) separates the two zones

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18
Q

ELA

A

Equilibrium line altitude

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19
Q

Vertical layers in a glacier

A

Brittle, plastic, basal

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20
Q

Brittle zone

A

at the top where crevasses form

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21
Q

Plastic zone

A

center

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22
Q

Melting (basal zone)

A

On upward slope

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23
Q

Refreezing (basal zone)

A

downward slope

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24
Q

Glacial erosion- Ice push

A

Glaciers push debris

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25
Q

Glacial erosion - Abrasion

A

Scouring by ice and embedded sediment

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26
Q

Glacial erosion - Plucking

A

Suction-like removal of blocks of ice

-exploits existing fracture/ joints in rock.

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27
Q

Glacial Erosion (3)

A

Icepush
Abrasion
Plucking

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28
Q

Small erosional features (glacial)

A

Polish
Striations
Grooves
Crag and tails/ Rat tails

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29
Q

Roches Mountonnees

A

Asymmetrical Rock knobs
Polliished, gentle stoss side (abrasion)
Rough steep lee side (plucking)

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30
Q

Alpine Erosional Landforms (7)

A 
Cirques
Glacial troughs
Hanging valley
Truncated spur
Fjord
Arete
Horn
31
Q

Cirques

A

result of alpine glaciers usually contains a tarn

32
Q

glacial troughs

A

U-shaped valley

Relatively straight

33
Q

Truncated spur

A

Large ridge of land with its end cut off

34
Q

Fjord

A

drowned valleys flooded by rising sea

35
Q

Arete

A

think ridge formed from when two glaciers erode parrell u-shaped valleys

36
Q

col

A

Low part of an arete

37
Q

Horn

A

Un affected glacial area

38
Q

Nunatak

A

horn protruding from a glacier

39
Q

Positive Continental erosional landforms

A

rock drumlins
drumlins
flutings

40
Q

Negitive Continental erosional land forms

A

Mega- grooves/ mega flutes

rock basins

41
Q

Depositional landforms by (glacial ice)

A

till

42
Q

Depositional landforms by glacial melt water

A

stratified drift

43
Q

Depositional landforms by glacial deposits

A

Glacial drift

44
Q

End morains

A

Front of glacier

45
Q

Lateral morains

A

beside glacier

46
Q

terminal mark

A

the furthest advance

47
Q

recessional mark

A

temporary halts or readvances during retreat

48
Q

medial morains

A

between 2 coalescing glaciers

49
Q

ground moraine

A

Under the glacier- Cover the ground in the path of the glacier

50
Q

Drumlins

A

Streamlined hills of mostly till (tear dropped shaped- Steep side up glacier) Occur in groups (swarms or feilds)

51
Q

Flutings

A

Highly elonglated drumlins ( no well devloped stoss and lee ends)

52
Q

Glaciofluvial landforms

A

Produced by meltwater streams near glaciers

53
Q

Sediment deposits called out wash

A

invariably in braided streams (high sed load, variable discharge)

54
Q

Outwash plains

A

Broad plains formed by deposits from proglacial braided streams; very wide and active
Feed large glaciofluvial deltas
when dry becomes one main source of fine wind blown material called loess

55
Q

eskers

A

sinous ridges deposited in streams in tunnels under the ice

56
Q

kame

A

Formed in glacial cracks of sediment when glacier retreats it is deposited

57
Q

proglacial lakes

A

Dammed by ice or moraine

Striking turquoise colour due to glacial rock flour

58
Q

Deltas

A

Form where streams enter proglacial lakes

large thick sandy gravel deposits

59
Q

Kettles

A

Depressions produced by melting iceblocks surrounded and or burried by outwash( or till)
later often occupied by a lake

60
Q

Glaciolacustrine land forms:

A

Proglacial lakes
deltas
kettles

61
Q

Glaciofluvial landforms

A

outwash plains
eskers
kames

62
Q

Basal till

A

Unsorted matrix supported, over-consolidated, sub angular to sub rounded clasts,often cohesive(clay-rich), strong till fabric, striated clasts

63
Q

Ablation till

A

Coarser less compact, more angular clasts, no fabric. May be crudly stratified

64
Q

Glaciofluvial deposits

A

like braided river sediments, but deposits often much thicker. Commonly disturbed due to loss of ice support

65
Q

Glacioacustrine deposits

A

Fine (claey to sandy muds), well sorted, finely stratified (often varved- annual sandy summer alternating with clay winter beds) Unconsolidated, often include larger dropstones.

66
Q

Glaciomarine Deposits

A

aFine (clayey to sandy muds), well sorted, finely stratified (often varved – annual sandy summer layers alternating with clay winter beds), unconsolidated, often include larger dropstones but typically massive, more clay, marine fossils.

67
Q

raised beach deposits

A

Like any beach, but usually well above modern sea level –gravelly layer at the top of the Dallas Road bluffs (just below the organic rich loess at the surface)

68
Q

Climate oscillations

A

Ice ages

69
Q

Most recent Ice age

A

Late Cenozoic

70
Q

Most recent glacial stage

A

Wisconsinan

71
Q

Laurentide Ice sheet

A

Covered most of Canada east of rockies

up to 3 kn thick

72
Q

Cordilleran Ice sheet

A

Coalescent alpine glaciers in western mountains
flowed together as pedimont glaciers
Covered all of bc

73
Q

Eustatic

A

Glaciation-> water stored in glaciers-> sealevel fall Vice versa
Measured in un glaciated (tropical) areas

74
Q

Isostatic

A

Glaciation–> isostatic depression of crust into mantle–> sealevel rise
Measured in glaciated areas

Ecology 228 (4 decks)

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