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geography > glaciers 2 > Flashcards

glaciers 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is till?

A

-an unsorted mix of rocks, clay and sand
-usually transported as supraglacial and glacial material
-is deposited when the ice melts
-can be used to identify where the glacier travelled from

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2
Q

what is englacial transportation?

A

-material inside the glacier
-debris enters through crevasses
Englacial Moraine
-material within the ice that adds to terminal moraines

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3
Q

what is subglacial transportation?

A

-material underneath the glacier
-debris enters through abrasion and plucking
Subglacial Moraine
-material under the ice that is transported within meltwater

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4
Q

what is supraglacial transportation?

A

-material on the surface of the glacier
-debris comes from freeze thaw weathering or avalanches
Supraglacial Moraine
-material on the surface that adds to lateral and medial moraines

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5
Q

formation of an erratic

A

-large boulder that has been deposited
-geology is different to the deposited area - has been moved a long way
-has been transported by a glacier

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6
Q

formation of a drumlin

A

-forms when a glacier moves over the moraine in the valley
-can’t entrain the moraine because it doesn’t have enough energy
-can’t erode the resistant rock in the moraine

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7
Q

what is a lateral moraine?

A

-formed by frost shattered materials that have fallen of the valley walls onto the glacier
-long embankments of material along the sides of the valley

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8
Q

what is a medial moraine?

A

when 2 glaciers join together so 2 lateral moraines join to form a medial moraine, which occurs in the centre of the glacier surface

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9
Q

what is terminal moraine?

A

-occurs across the valley floor in a high mound
-often crescent shaped which corresponds with the snout of the glacier
-marks the furthest point a glacier reached

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10
Q

what is a recessional moraine?

A

-these mounds of material mark the retreat of a glacier
-each recessional moraine indicates a period of retreat
-these may be removed by future advances

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11
Q

what is a push moraine?

A

-develop due to climate change
-if the climate deteriorates enough for the glacier to advance the already deposited moraine will be pushed into a mound

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12
Q

what is a glacial moulin?

A

a hole in the glacier created by meltwater

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13
Q

what is the importance of meltwater?

A

-transports moraine subglacially, allowing erosion to take place
-assists basal sliding
-erodes channels and forms rivers
-can refreeze, binding the base of the glacier to bedrock

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14
Q

formation of an outwash plain/sandur

A

-created by erosion and deposition
-located at the snout of a glacier
-meltwater streams deposit gravel, sand and clay throughout the summer
-can freeze over winter, causing freeze thaw weathering
-larger material is deposited close to the glacier

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15
Q

formation of a braided stream

A

-seasonal melt variants causes fluctuations in sediment load
-excess sediment deposited during low discharge obstructs flow
-usually found on outwash plains
-the channel braids as it looks for a more efficient path

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16
Q

formation of an esker

A

-formed by subglacial flow
-long ridge of sediment running in direction of flow
-made of sorted sand and gravel

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17
Q

formation of a kame

A

-a hill or hummock composed of stratified sand and gravel laid down by glacial meltwater
-deposited along the front of a slowly melting or stationary glacier
-will collapse when the ice retreats

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18
Q

formation of a kame terrace

A

-sorted sand and gravel forming along the sides of a glacier
-deposited by meltwater streams flowing along the sides of the ice
-warm rock melts the ice close to it, forming a long depression along which a meltwater stream can flow

19
Q

formation of a proglacial lake

A

-a lake developed immediately infront of the glacier
-sediment deposition will occur on the lake bed
-dammed by a terminal moraine

20
Q

formation of a kettle hole

A

-dead ice is left on an outwash plain by a retreating glacier
-meltwater streams bury blocks of ice under sediment deposits
-the ice melts and leave a depression in the outwash plain called a kettle hole

21
Q

formation of glacial lakes and varves

A

-lakes on the fringes of the ice are filled with layered deposits
-a varve is a layer of silt lying on top of a layer of sand, deposited over a year
-can be used to show past climates and warmer/cooler periods
-finer silts deposit in winter, heavier deposits form in spring

22
Q

what are glacial deposits?

A

-unstratified (no layers)
-unsorted
-angular material of various shapes and sizes from physical weathering and erosion

23
Q

what are fluvioglacial deposits?

A

-stratified (layers)
-sorted
-smooth, rounded material

24
Q

why are cold environments fragile?

A

-tundra can take 50 years to return to former state
-damage to the ecosystem can take a long time to recover
-limited rainfall limits plant growth
-cold temperatures
-short summers and long winters

25
Q

antarctica and southern ocean human activities

A

-sealing and whaling
-maritime transport
-mining and oil extraction
-scientific research
-tourism
-chemical waste and sewage dumping

26
Q

arctic basin human activities

A

-sealing and shaking
-maritime transport
-mining, oil and gas extraction
-forestry
-caribou herding
-tourism
-small scale hunting and fur trapping

27
Q

alpine regions human activities

A

-forestry
-energy production (HEP)
-transport routes
-tourism
-agriculture

28
Q

siberia human activities

A

-finding and hunting
-military bases
-oil, gas and coal extraction
-fresh water supply
-forestry
-mining
-fur trapping

29
Q

why is there a limited range of human activities?

A

-settlements are remote, isolated and have limited access
-a limited range of living and non-living resources
-limited biodiversity is not sustainable
-large fluctuations of energy held in each trophic level of the food chain
-human disruption to the biome can have a long lasting impact

30
Q

causes of climate change

A

-changes in solar activity
-earths orbit
-meteorite impact
-volcanic activity
-changes in ocean circulation
-emission of greenhouse gases
-deforestation

31
Q

how can climate change affect cold environments?

A

-snow and ice are melting at an increasing rate -> rising sea levels
-accelerated ocean warming
-stronger winds and currents
-accelerated shoreline erosion in arctic communities
-endangering species

32
Q

physical challenges for human occupation and development

A

-very low temperatures
-short summers
-short growing season
-snow lying for long periods
-low precipitation levels
-thin, stony, poorly developed soils
-permafrost
-surface thaw in summer causes waterlogging
-blizzards

33
Q

adaptions made by indigenous people

A

-traditional economic activities of hunting, fishing, herding and fur trading
-live in low population densities
-only take the resources they require
-cultural norms that promote the protection of the environment

34
Q

human challenges for human occupation and development

A

-shortage of labour and skills
-increasing unpredictability of climatic events
-remoteness and inaccessibility
-lack of permanent jobs
-limited educational opportunities
-absence of modern conveniences
-feeling of economic and politic neglect
-impacts from outside on natural resources

35
Q

traditional adaptions

A

-small family size (low birth rate)
-nomadic
-driftwood and deal skin huts in summer
-travel by umiaks in summer
-travel by dog sled in winter
-snow holes and igloos in winter
-settled communities build log and sod houses
-use all parts of a carcas
-safely eat raw meat
-hunt, gather and preserve food throughout summer

36
Q

contemporary adaptions

A

-new building methods protect the permafrost and prevent building subsidence
-houses are elevated on piles driven into the permafrost
-large buildings are built on aggregate pads
-buildings are insulated to reduce heat transfer
-utilidors have been built

37
Q

oil and gas exploration in cold environments

A

-large amounts of exploration within arctic circle
-greenpeace demonstrate against them
-could have major environmental consequences if not managed
-BP and shell are the main TNCs

38
Q

Trans-Alaska pipeline

A

-boomtowns grew (Fairbanks)
-boosted the Alaskan economy
-increased tourist numbers
-increase in crime
-overstretched infrastructure
-Fairbanks mcdonald’s became no2 for sales
-construction workers moved in
-house prices rose
-films were filmed in the area
-tax rates reduced

39
Q

prudhoe bay

A

-oilfield in north Alaska
-largest oilfield known USA (86,418 ha)
-held 25 billion oil barrels (around 2 billion remain)
-major oil spill in 2006
-oil spill was undetected for 5 days
-BP was fined $20 million
-happened in winter months
-limited impact on tundra
-oil was vacuumed up and remaining oil was scraped from surface

40
Q

Trans-Alaska pipeline system

A

-in 2015 output reduced to 500,000 barrels per day
-pipeline will be operational until 2075
-Alaskan law states that the pipeline must be removed and the landscape returned to it’s natural state

41
Q

Arctic National wildlife refuge ANWR
Kaptovik, Alaska

A

-indigenous people - no alcohol
-many are in favour of oil development as it provides money and jobs
-big communal freezer for whale meat-> supplied by oil company

42
Q

Arctic National wildlife refuge ANWR
Guitchen people

A

-depend on caribou hunting
-worried that caribou migration patterns will change if oil development takes place

43
Q

Arctic National wildlife refuge ANWR
Alberta, Canada

A

-oil tar sands
-forest removed, sand heated using fossil fuels to extract tar (oil)
-water pollution from ‘tailing ponds’

geography (2 decks)

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