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Higher Geography > Glaciation > Flashcards

Glaciation Flashcards

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1
Q

plucking

glacial erosion

A
  • glacial ice melts due to friction as it moves over obstacle
  • it refreezes due to pressure from the ice above
  • it refreezes in the cracks in the rock and when the glacier moves forward it rips the rock from the ground
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2
Q

abrasion

glacial erosion

A
  • rocks stuck to the base of the glacier scour and scrape the land below like sandpaper
  • striations are scratches formed as a result of abrasion
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3
Q

freeze thaw weathering

glacial erosion

A
  • water collects in the cracks of a rock and freezes, expanding by 9%, exerting pressure on the surrounding rock, deepening the cracks
  • the water melts running deeper into the rock and the process repeats
  • this repeated freezing and thawing eventually breaks apart the rock into smaller fragments
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4
Q

formation of a corrie

summary

A
  • snow collects in north facing hollows which receive less sunlight meaning it lies for longer
  • layers of snow compact into glacial ice called nevee or firn
  • the mass of ice increases and weight and gravity causes rotary action called rotational slip
  • plucking occurs
  • abrasion occurs
  • the bergschrund - a gap at the back of the glacier - allows meltwater and rock fragments into the glacier increasing erosive power, it also allows frost shattering to occur
  • friction at the front of the glacier as it rotates out of the hollw decreases erosive power making a lip
  • ice melts to form corrie and tarn

red tarn, lake disrtict

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5
Q

formation of a pyramidal peak

summary

A
  • corrie formation
  • when three or more corries form back to back a pyramidal peak is formed

helvellyn, lake district

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6
Q

formation of a u-shaped valley

summary

A
  • glacier forms - snow builds up and compacts into nevee/firn
  • glacier flows down existing v-shaped valley
  • plucking and abrasion steepen, deepen and straighten the valley
  • interlocking spurs become truncated spurs
  • tributary valleys form hanging valleys

barrowdale, lake district

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7
Q

formation of a ribbon loch

summary

A
  • formation of u-shaped valley
  • the glacier reaches an area where the rock is softer and the glacier hollows out that area of the valley floor much deeper than the rest
  • after the ice has melted the hollow is filled with water from a misfit stream to form a ribbon loch

thirlmere, lake district

alternatively the glaciers power can increase during colder periods creating a deeper section

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8
Q

terminal moraine

glacial depositional features

A
  • ridge across the valley made of unsorted glacial deposits
  • formation: glacier pushes sediments as it moves, when it reaches lower altiudes the temperatures rise, the glacier deposits morraine as it melts
  • marks the furthest point the glacier reached
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9
Q

drumlin

glacial depositional features

A
  • elongated hill made of unsorted glacial deposits
  • formation: glacier becomes overloaded with sediments so deposits it steamlining it as it goes over it; when the ice melts slightly the moraine is deposited and streamlined; when the glacier reaches a small obsticle this acts as a trigger point for deposit
  • basket of eggs topography

stoss = steep end; lee= flatter end

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10
Q

eskers

glacial depositional features

A
  • meandering ridges formed by meltwater streams in or underneath the glacier - as the glacier melts the subglacial streams deposit the load on the floor to form eskers
  • as its fluvioglacial deposit it is sorted by size
  • stones are more rounded due to attrition
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11
Q

attrition

erosion

A

when the rocks hit off each other, chipping away and rounding them

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12
Q

national park

definition

A

area recognised for natural beauty, economic potential and is protected by strict regulation to preserve the environment.

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13
Q

honey-pot site

definition

A

area that is planned to attract tourism

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14
Q

footpath erosion

conflicts in LDNP

A

conflict
- the ground is trampled stopping grass growing; it gets muddy and the path is worn away

solutions
- signposts - people wont read them
- cloche netting - protects ground but looks unnatural
- stone pitching - looks unnatural
- fix the fells holiday - educates small number of people

scaffel pyke, lake district

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15
Q

traffic congestion

conflicts in LDNP

A

conflict
- park on side of narrow roads
- restricted parking in honeypot sites
- congestion

solutions
- bus timetables on attraction leaflets - encourages public transport, not always convinient
- park and ride - people like to have their own car
- large car parks on edge of honeypot site - reduces congestion

keswick, lake district

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16
Q

lake windermere

conflicts in LDNP

A

clonflict
- lake used for many activities
- bank erosion (speedboats), congestion in water, water pollution (oil from speedboats), noise pollution disrupts locals and wildlife

solutions
- reinforced banks - looks unnattractive
- zoning - resticts freedom of outdoors, lless conflict
- speed restrictions - reduces accident potential

17
Q

kirkstone quarry

conflicts in LDNP

A

conflicts
- scars landscape
- noisy from blasting
- creates fine dust
- large vehicles block the road

solutions
- screen with trees - looks unnaural, takes time to grow
- spray water during blasting - less dust but waste of water
- restrict blasting/trasnport times - not always convinient

18
Q

other

conflicts in LDNP

A

conflicts
- dogs not on leads - sheep worry, miscarriage in lambing season
- gates left open - animals escape and die on roads
- litter - unsightly, polluting, livestock choke and die
- tourists climb over walls breaking them - costs the farmer money to replace
- tourists buy secondary homes increasing house prices for locals leading to rural depopulation, it also decreases demand for local services causing them to shut down

solutions
- put up signs - people dont read them
- use kissing/self closing gate - effective as they prevent livestock escaping
- take away bins - encourages people to take litter home
- styles - people dont always use them

19
Q

land users

LDNP

A
  • tourists
  • farmers
  • locals
  • businesses
  • conservationists

when there are many land uses, conflict arises between them

20
Q

formation of an arête

A
  • formation of a corrie
  • when two corries form back to back a knife shaped ridged is formed between them called an arête
  • this is ‘sharpened’ further by frost shattering

scaffel pyke or striding edge

Higher Geography (10 decks)

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