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Physical Geography > Glaciated Landscapes - Set 2 > Flashcards

Glaciated Landscapes - Set 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of glacier movement - Extending and compressing flow

A
  • Steep slopes the rate of basal slip will increase and ice will accelerate and thin
  • Temperate glaciers
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2
Q

Types of glacier movement - Surges

A
  • Glacier’s move much quicker - generally caused by build-up of meltwater at the ice-rock interface
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3
Q

Internal deformation

A

Ice crystals orientate themselves in direction of glaciers movement

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4
Q

Extensional flow

A

Velocity increases = down-valley ice pulls away from up-valley ice - happens when slope steepens - makes ice thinner and forms crevasses through shearing

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5
Q

Compressional flows

A

Velocities fall as ice from upper valley is pushing against down - valley ice - happens when gradient falls and ice thickens - may occur at glacier snout

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6
Q

Sub glacial deformation

A
  • Glacier moves over weak, unconsolidated rock
  • Sediment deforms under the weight of the glacier
  • ice on top then moves along with the sediment
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7
Q

Factors that affect rates of glacier movement

A
  • Lithology (rock type) - Hard rocks speed up movement as allow for basal slippage
  • Meltwater
  • Ice temp
  • Slope angle
  • Altitude
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8
Q

Scale of landforms

A
  • Macro = over 1km
  • Meso = Between couple of metres and 1km
  • Micro = under a couple of metres
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9
Q

Micro scale landforms - Striations

A

Marks on rock that is trapped in glacial ice and scrapes against the bedrock

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10
Q

Meso Scale landforms - Roche moutonees

A

Formed when glacier passes over hard rock - glaciers smooths surface through erosion and plucks the opposite end

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11
Q

Meso Scale landforms - Terminal Moraine

A

Glacial sediment deposited at the furthest advance of the glacier

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12
Q

Macro Scale landforms - Knock and Lochan

A

Glacially scoured landscape - has multiple features including Roche moutonees

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13
Q

Macro Scale landforms - Corries

A

where the glacier started - creates a hollow in the side of the valley

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14
Q

Macro Scale landforms - Arete

A

Thin ridge formed when two glaciers erode away from each other in a U-shaped valley

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15
Q

Macro Scale landforms - Pyramid peak

A

3 or more corries meet - glaciers have eroded away the top of the mountains - pointy summit

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16
Q

Macro Scale landforms - Glacial trough / U-shaped valley

A

Formed by processes of erosion in the glacier system - steep sides and a flat bottom

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17
Q

Macro Scale landforms - Lateral/median moraine

A

Glacial sediment deposited at the sides of the glacier - in the middle when 2 glaciers meet

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18
Q

Macro Scale landforms - Crag and tail

A

Rocky hill - formed when glacier passes over resistant rock - tail is made of softer rock and thus eroded a lot more e.g. Edinburgh

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19
Q

Macro Scale landforms - Sandur

A

Outwash plain in front of glacier snout - made up of meltwater and sediment that leaves the glacier

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20
Q

Macro Scale landforms - Erratcis

A

Rock / boulder that differs from surroundings - brought long distances by glacier movement

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21
Q

Inversion modelling

A

Recreating the position of ice and extent of ice cover in the past

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22
Q

Hutton’s principal of uniformitarianism

A
  • Present is key to the past
  • e.g. Pingos in North Canada linked to former Pingos in Yorkshire
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23
Q

Polygenetic

A
  • Product of several episodes of glaciation
24
Q

Sub aerial processes in glacial erosion

A
  • Freeze thaw weathering provides sediment to the glacier system
  • Allows erosion to take place as the sediment scrapes along base and sides
  • Mass movement such as avalanches also add sediment to the glacier system
25
Plucking
Occurs when rocks are well jointed and weakened and where meltwater is present - Meltwater freezes breaking the rock - Leaves a very jagged environment
26
Abrasion
- Sandpapering effect - rock fragments get trapped under the ice which then scratch the bedrock - reveal size and extent of the former glacier as well as direction of ice movement
27
Rock flour
Rocks become pulverised by the weight of the glacier - polish the underlying bedrock
28
Crushing
Direct fracturing of weak bedrock by the weight of the ice above it
29
Dilation
Rock fracture due to the removal of overlying glacier weight
30
Fluvio-glacial erosion
- Hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and corrosion - Erosion caused by meltwater - Sub glacial meltwater travels very fast as it is contained beneath the lacier
31
Cirque/corrie
- Snow and ice cause a depression on the mountainside - Rotational sliding results in the scooping out of the hollow by abrasion - rotational slip increases abrasion - Snow melts and creates a tarn
32
Corrie orientation
Between NW and NE as these areas receive less solar insolation
33
Glacial Trough
- Steep sided and flat floored - AKA a U-shaped valley
34
Truncated spur
- Steep rocky section at the side of the glacial trough - Interlocking spurs cut off by the rigid, more powerful glacier as it moves downhill
35
Hanging valley
- Small tributary valley high above the floor of the glacial trough - Have a small amount of ice that didn't manage to erode the valley floor as deeply as the main glacier
36
Ribbon lake
- Long thin lakes that collect meltwater after the glacier has melted - e.g. Loch ness = 230m and Loch Lomond = 190m deep
37
Ice sheet scouring
- When ice sheets and glaciers expand out beyond the valley, they erode much larger areas of lower relief = ice sheet scouring
38
Roche Mountonees
Stoss side is the long sloping side and lee side is the sharp drop where plucking has taken place
39
Crag and tail
- Large mass of resistant rock on the Stoss side and a gently sloping tail on the Lee side - Opposite to a Roche mountonee
40
Supraglacial
Water or debris that moves on top of the Glacier
41
Englacial
Water or debris that moves within the glacier
42
Subglacial
Water or debris that moves munderneath the glacier
43
Equifinality
Idea a particular feature can be formed in a number of ways
44
Lateral moraine
Located at the side of the glacier - mainly produced by freeze thaw weathering which supplies the glacier with sediment
45
Medial moraine
a ridge of moraine that runs down the middle of the valley floor - formed when two glaciers meet and 2 lateral moraine's are combined
46
Terminal moraine
Ridge of moraine extending across the valley at the furthest point the glacier reached
47
Recessional moraine
Series of moraine ridges behind the terminal moraine - shows the extent of ice retreat
48
Push moraine
A ridge of moraines with stone tilted upwards - Any moraines at the glacier's snout are bull dozed forward during advance - faster velocity = steeper angle of tilt stones
49
Hummocky moraine
Chaotic jumble of mounds - Thrusting of a glacier during a surge causing sediment t0o be forced to the surface
50
Drumlins
- Form of moraine - egg shaped hill made up of glacial till - aligned in direction of ice flow - Stoss end is the steeper side and the lee side is the loner gradual side
51
Basket of eggs topography
Drumlins often occur in swarms and regularly spaced out - typically found in lowland areas such as Ribble valley
52
Boulton and Menzies theory of drumlin formation
Rock core traps fine sediment creating the Drumlin
53
Shaw's theory of Drumlin formation
Small depression in the ground caused by meltwater eroding he bedrock - sediment is then deposited in the depression
54
Processes of glacial deposition - Lodgement
Subglacial debris being transported becomes lodged on the glacier bed - most common form deposition
55
Processes of glacial deposition -Ablation
Debris is dumped as glacier melts and thaws
56
Processes of glacial deposition -Deformation
Less common - associated with weak underlying bedrock - sediments defined by the movement of the glacier
57
Processes of glacial deposition -Flow
Occurs if high meltwater content causes glacial debris to slide or flow during deposition

Physical Geography (15 decks)

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