GITRACT

Question 1

neurotransmitters that stimulate acid secretion

Answer 1

-Gastrin released from g cells, histamine released from ECL cells and ACH released from enteric neurons. all result in release of HCL from parietal cell.

Question 2

neurotransmitters that inhibit acid secretion

Answer 2

-somatostatin = directly inhibit the g cells, ECL cells and parietal cells
-PGE2 = mucosal protective effect.

Question 3

mechanism of gastric acid secretion

Answer 3

HCL into the gastric lumen and hco3- into the plasma

Question 4

What is dyspepsia and causes

Answer 4

organic cause can be treated as it is found clinically or via lab functional cannot be treated as it cant be indentified. . its chronic recurrent pain, burning or discomfort in the upper abdomen

Question 5

risk factors of dyspepsia

Answer 5

NSAIDS(cox-1 inhibitors) , bisphosphonates, ccb’s, corticosteroids , tetracyclines. Lifestyle - alcohol, smoking, coffee. pregnancy and stress and anxiety

Question 6

what is reflux
what is GORD

Answer 6

relaxation of lower oesophagal sphincter so gastric contents enters oesophagus.
GORD - continuous relaxation of lower sphincter .

Question 7

symptoms and risk factors of REFLUX or gord

Answer 7

heartburn and acid regurgitation, RF - fatty, spicy or acidic food.
alcohol and coffee

Question 8

complications of GORD

Answer 8

oesophageal stricture(scar tissue), ulcers(inflammation) and cancer(physiology function of cells is altered) , barretts oesophagus(damage of sphincter)

Question 9

PUD

Answer 9

sores and ulcers in upper gi tract from repeated acid exposure . duodenal ulcer is more common and releived with food opposite to stomach ulcer

Question 10

Risk factors of PUD

Answer 10

1. zollinger-ellison syndrome - caused by tumours, duodenum secretes gastrin which leads to increase production of acid ,2. helicobacter pylori infection - gram negative bacteria invades epithelial cells, pro - inflammatory mediators 3. NSAIDS inhibit cox-1, inhibiting PGE2 secretion.