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Human Physiology Y3 > GIT Disorders > Flashcards

GIT Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Name the major categories of GIT disorders

A

Functional disorders = looks normal but doesn’t work properly

Structural disorders = looks abnormal and doesn’t work properly

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2
Q

Name stool changes occurring because of GIT disorders

A

Blood in stool
Very narrow stool
Changes in bowel habits

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3
Q

Name symptoms of GIT disorders

A

Unusual or severe abdominal pain
Unexplained weight loss
Heartburn not relieved by antacids
Fatigue

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4
Q

Primary causes for functional disorders (lifestyle)

A

Eating less fibre
Not exercising enough
Changes in routine = travelling
Too much diary
Stress

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5
Q

Primary causes for functional disorders (medical)

A

Resisting urge to have a bowel movement
Overusing laxatives
Certain medicines = anti-depressants, iron pills
Pregnancy
Ageing

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6
Q

What type of disorders if gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and why?

A

Functional disorder

Organ looks the same but lower oesophageal sphincter weakens causing heartburn

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7
Q

What are the consequences of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?

A

Reflux of gastric acid irritates oesophagus = damaging lining & causing inflammation

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8
Q

What can bring on heartburn?

A

Pregnancy, alcohol, certain foods & medications

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9
Q

What type of disorder are peptic ulcers and where are they found?

A

Functional disorders

Gastric and duodenal ulcers

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10
Q

What causes of gastric ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori infection
Alcohol
Drugs = NSAIDs

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11
Q

What causes duodenal ulcers?

A

Stress
Over production of gastric acid

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12
Q

How do helicobacter pylori infections cause ulcers?

A

Disrupting the gastric mucosal barrier
Inducing inflammation and immune responses,
Increasing gastric acid production
Causing direct mucosal damage
Impairing the healing processes of the gastric mucosa

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13
Q

How do NSAIDs cause ulcers?

A

Inhibition COX enzymes, which synthesize prostaglandins

Prostaglandins maintain integrity of gastric mucosal barrier and regulate gastric acid secretion

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14
Q

How does alcohol cause ulcers?

A

Increase permeability of gastric mucosa, allowing harmful substances to penetrate more easily into the underlying tissues

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15
Q

How does stress cause ulcers?

A

Activates SNS so stress hormones are released = causing secretion of gastric acid

Altered gut motility and increased permeability may disrupt the balance of microorganisms in the gut (microbiota), contributing to inflammation and mucosal injury in the stomach and intestines.

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16
Q

What type of disorder is irritable bowel syndrome?

A

Functional disorder = spastic, irritable colon or nervous stomach

17
Q

What causes IBS?

A

Certain foods, medicines & emotional stress

18
Q

What to avoid with IBS?

A

Caffeine & alcohol
Minimize stress

19
Q

What to take for IBS?

A

Increase fibre
Medication

20
Q

What type of disorder is constipation?

A

Functional disorder

21
Q

Usual causes of constipation?

A

Inadequate fibre
Disruption of regular routine

22
Q

Treatments for constipation?

A

Increase dietary fibre
Exercise regularly
Laxatives

23
Q

What type of disorder is haemorrhoids and why?

A

Structural disorder because swollen blood vessels line the anal opening

24
Q

What are the causes of haemorrhoids?

A

Chronic excess pressure from straining during bowel movements

Persistent diarrhea
Pregnancy

25
Q

Treatments of hemorrhoids?

A

Improving bowel habits
Surgery

26
Q

What type of disorder is diverticulosis and why?

A

Structural disorder because it causes a small out-pouching in muscular wall of large intestine

27
Q

Causes of diverticulosis?

A

High pressure over wekened area

28
Q

Consequences of diverticulosis?

A

Infection, bleeding & obstruction

29
Q

Treatments of diverticulosis?

A

Antibiotics
Increased fluids

30
Q

What can develop into colorectal cancer?

A

Polyps

31
Q

What are polyps?

A

Colonic polyps are abnormal growths that develop in the lining of the colon or rectum.

They are quite common, especially in older adults. Most colonic polyps are benign, but some may develop into colorectal cancer over time if left untreated.

32
Q

Are there symptoms in early colorectal cancer?

A

No

33
Q

What type of disorder is liver disease?

A

Structural disorder

34
Q

What are the stages of liver damage?

A

Fatty liver = deposits of fat cause liver enlargement
Liver fibrosis = scar tissue forms
Cirrhosis = growth of connective tissue destroys liver cells

35
Q

What is fatty liver?

A

Fatty liver = deposits of fat cause liver enlargement

36
Q

What is liver fibrosis?

A

Liver fibrosis = scar tissue forms

37
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Cirrhosis = growth of connective tissue destroys liver cells

38
Q

What is hepatitis, and how is it caused?

A

Inflammation of the liver

Acute hepatitis = caused by virus could recover on its own

Chronic hepatitis = caused by virus, metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases…

Human Physiology Y3 (14 decks)

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