GIT Flashcards
Achalasia
failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter to relax leading to proximal dilation of the entire oesophagus
angiodysplasia of the intestine
a localised vascular lesion of the colon that may cause unexplained bleeding in elderly persons
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
Barrett’s oesophagus
a disorder of the lower oesophagus marked by a benign ulcer like lesion covered with metaplastic, intestine-like columnar epithelium
carcinombryonic antigen
a glycolipid or glycoprotein anti-gen released from adenocarcinoma cells into the blood. It is used as a serologic marker in the follow-up of patients treated for adenocarcinoma of the large intestine and other anatomic sites
carcinoid
a low-grade malignant tumour of neuroendocrine cells found mostly in the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems
celiac sprue
a disease caused by hypersensitivity to gluten gliadin, resulting in pathologic changes of the small intestine and a malabsorption syndrome
cleft lip
a congenital anomaly consisting of one or more clefts in the upper lid as a result of the failure of the maxillary and median nasal processes to close
Crohn’s disease
regional enteritis; an ulcerative disease of unknown etiology characterised by inflammation of the terminal ileum or colon
dental caries
a destructive tooth disease characterised by a loss of enamel and the decay of the underlying dental tissue
diarrhoea
the frequent passage of loose, watery stools because of intestinal or pancreatic and hepatobiliary disturbances
diverticulosis
the presence of pouchlike herniations through the muscular layer of the colon
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
oesophageal atresia
a congenital developmental disorder of the oesophagus which ends in a blind pouch or narrows to a thin cord and thus does not provide a continuous passage to the stomach
oesophagitis
inflammation of the oesophagus
familial adenomatous polyposis coli
an inherited disorder related to the mutation of the tumour suppressor gene FAP and characterised by the development of myriad polyps in the colon, which can transform into colonic adenocarcinoma
gastritis
an inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach
hematemesis
vomiting blood
hematochezia
the passage of bright red blood in the stool
hernia
a protrusion of a part of an organ or the entire organ through an abnormal opening in the structure normally containing it, such as the abdominal wall
hiatal hernia
a protrusion of a portion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm
Hirschsprung’s disease
a form of congenital megacolon (widening of the large intestine) caused by incomplete development of colonic ganglia in the rectum
Ileus
an obstruction or paralysis of the intestines
inflammatory bowel disease (IMD)
a chronic, episodic, inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum, which usually presents as either Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis
intussusception
a prolapse of one segment of bowel into the lumen of another segment
ischemic bowel disease
a group of several disorders that compromise blood flow through segments of the intestine
malabsorption
impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients, usually as a result of intestinal or hepatobiliary diseases
MALToma
a low-grade lymphoma originating from the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, most often in the gastrointestinal tract
Meckel’s diverticulum
an anomalous protrusion of the small intestine 30 and 90 cm from the ileocecal sphincter
melena
abnormally black, tarry stool resulting from upper gastrointestinal bleeding in which the haemoglobin from blood is partially digested by hydrochloric acid into a black pigment
norovirus
a virus causing acute viral gastroenteritis in children and adults: previously known as Norwalk virus
oral cancer
any one of several malignant neoplasms of the lips or the mouth, usually originating from the squamous mucosa or, less often, from other intraoral structures such as salivary glands
peptic ulcer
a defect in the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum that is caused by unregulated action of pepsin and hydrochloric acid on the gastroduodenal mucosa
periodontal disease
a set of pathologic changes involving the tissues that support the teeth, such as the periodontal membrane or periodontal ligament
peritonitis
an inflammation of the peritoneum, usually caused involving the tissues that support the teeth, such as periodontal membrane or periodontal ligament
polyps (intestinal)
a mass protruding from the mucosal surface or the skin. Large intestinal polyps may be either neoplastic (tubular and villous adenomas) or non-neoplastic (usually hyperplastic)
pseudomembranous colitis
a diarrheal disease caused by ulceration of the colonic mucosa, which is partially covered with pseudomembranes composed of fibrin, mucus, and cell debris. It is often found in hospitalised patients who have received antibiotics allowing over growth of the anaerobic, spore-forming, toxin-producing bacteria Clostridiam difficile
rotavirus
a double-stranded ribonucleic acid virus that may cause diarrhea, especially in neonates and small children
sialadenitis
an inflammation of one or more of the salivary glands
stomatitis
an inflammation of the mouth
ulcerative colitis
a disease of unknown origin affecting the large intestine and causing widespread confluent ulceration
volvulus
a twisting of one part of the bowel on itself
Whipple’s disease
a rare, systemic disease caused by Trophoryma whippelii, affecting predominantly the small intestine. It is characterised by several intestinal malabsorption, steatorrhea, anaemia, weight loss, arthritis, and arthralgia
