GIT

Question 1

obturator sign

Answer 1

PAIN IN INTERNAL ROTATION IN FLEXED RIGHT THIGH (ACUTE APPENDICITIS)

Question 2

psoas sign

Answer 2

pain in extension of right thigh in acute appendicitis

Question 3

rovsing sign

Answer 3

Rovsing sign is pain referred to the right lower quadrant when the left lower quadrant is palpated.

Question 4

Sherren’s triangle

Answer 4

is an area of skin hyperaesthesia found in acute appendicitis.

Question 5

Ochsner–Sherren regimen

Answer 5

appendicular mass treatment 
Conservative treatment (Ochsner–Sherren regimen) comprises hospitalization, intravenous fluids, antibiotics, analgesics and a strict watch on the vitals and general state of the patient. In 90-80% of the patients, the mass resolves without complications.

Question 6

gridiron incision

Answer 6

used in appendicectomy

Question 7

string sign

Answer 7

The gastrointestinal string sign represents a severe narrowing of loop of bowel, in which a thin stripe of contrast within the lumen looks like a string. in chps

Question 8

Ramstedt’s procedure

Answer 8

A Pyloromyotomy or Ramstedt’s procedure is where the muscle of the pylorus (at the end of the stomach) is divided to allow normal stomach emptying. in chps

Question 9

linitis plastica

Answer 9

Linitis plastica is a type of adenocarcinoma and accounts for 3-19% of gastric adenocarcinomas.

Question 10

PULMMER SHELF

Answer 10

is a finding felt in rectal examination that indicates that a tumor has metastasized to the pouch of Douglas

SPREAD IN STOMACH CARCINOMA

Question 11

krukenberg tumor

Answer 11

refers to a malignancy in the ovary that metastasized from a primary site, classically the gastrointestinal tract, although it can arise in other tissues such as the breast. Gastric adenocarcinoma, especially at the pylorus, is the most common source.

Question 12

The Trousseau sign

Answer 12

The Trousseau sign of malignancy or Trousseau’s syndrome is a medical sign involving episodes of vessel inflammation due to blood clot (thrombophlebitis) which are recurrent or appearing in different locations over time (thrombophlebitis migrans or migratory thrombophlebitis).

Question 13

Troisier sign

Answer 13

Troisier sign is the clinical finding of a hard and enlarged left supraclavicular node (Virchow node), and is considered a sign of metastatic abdominal malignancy

Question 14

The Carman meniscus sign

Answer 14

The Carman meniscus sign describes the lenticular shape of barium in cases of large and flat gastric ulcers, in which the inner margin is convex toward the lumen.

Question 15

celestin tube

Answer 15

a plastic tube introduced through a tumor in the esophagus; it permits swallowing of certain substances.

Question 16

Skirrow’s medium

Answer 16

medium for h.pylori

Question 17

heineke mikulicz

Answer 17

pyloroplasty

Question 18

the crow foot اللي هو مش لازم نعمل معاه عملية تفضي المعدة

Answer 18

proximal gastric vagotomy

Question 19

facies Hippocratica

Answer 19

The Hippocratic face (Latin: facies Hippocratica) is the change produced in the face by impending death or long illness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like.

Question 20

Graham patch

Answer 20

A Graham patch is a surgical technique that is used to close duodenal perforations. A piece of omentum is used to cover the perforation. This patch is typically used for holes with a size of 5mm or less.

Question 21

kasai operation

Answer 21

Hepatoportoenterostomy

in congenital cbd atresia

Question 22

klatskin tumor

Answer 22

Klatskin tumors are are a type of cholangiocarcinoma that begins in an area called the hilum, where the left and right bile ducts join and leave the liver. It is the most common type of cholangiocarcinoma, accounting for more than half of all cases.[1][2][3][4] Symptoms usually don’t present until advanced stages of disease, when jaundice is the most common feature.

Question 23

Courvoisier’s law

Answer 23

Courvoisier’s law (or Courvoisier syndrome, or Courvoisier’s sign or Courvoisier-Terrier’s sign) states that in the presence of a palpably enlarged gallbladder which is non-tender and accompanied with mild painless jaundice, the cause is unlikely to be gallstones.

Question 24

biligrafin dye

Answer 24

dye used in intravenous cholangiography

Question 25

talapeque

Answer 25

tabletes used in oral cholangocystography

Question 26

saint triad

Answer 26

Saint's triad is the concurrence of hiatus hernia chronic calcular cholecystitis colonic diverticulosis.

Question 27

wilkie syndrome

Answer 27

chronic peptic ulcer chronic appendicitis chronic calcular cholecyctitis

Question 28

mirizzi syndrome

Answer 28

Mirizzi syndrome is defined as common hepatic duct obstruction caused by extrinsic compression from an impacted stone in the cystic duct or infundibulum of the gallbladder

Question 29

Hartmann pouch

Answer 29

Hartmann pouch - a spheroid or conical pouch at the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct.

Question 30

Porcelain gallbladder

Answer 30

Porcelain gallbladder is a calcification of the gallbladder believed to be brought on by excessive gallstones, although the exact cause is not clear.

Question 31

Charcot's cholangitis triad

Answer 31

Charcot's cholangitis triad is the combination of jaundice; fever, usually with rigors; and right upper quadrant abdominal pain.

Question 32

reynold pentad

Answer 32

is a collection of signs and symptoms suggesting the diagnosis obstructive ascending cholangitis, a serious infection of the biliary system. It is a combination of Charcot's triad (right upper quadrant pain, jaundice, and fever) with shock (low blood pressure, tachycardia) and an altered mental status.

Question 33

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

Answer 33

is a rare type of cancer that begins in the white blood cells. If you have Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, your bone marrow produces too many abnormal white blood cells that crowd out healthy blood cells. واحد من الاسباب اللي بتكبر السبيلين

Question 34

Felty Syndrome

Answer 34

``` Components of Felty Syndrome can be remembered by the mnemonic: SANTA S – Splenomegaly A – Anemia N – Neutropenia T – Thrombocytopenia A – Arthritis (Rheumatoid) ```

Question 35

Gaucher disease

Answer 35

Gaucher disease is a genetic disorder where fat-laden Gaucher cells build up in areas like the spleen, liver and bone marrow. A person will get Gaucher Disease if both parents are carriers of the disease. It is one of the most common lysosomal storage disorders.

Question 36

Reye's syndrome

Answer 36

is a rare disorder that causes brain and liver damage. Although it can happen at any age, it is most often seen in children. Reye's syndrome usually occurs in children who have had a recent viral infection, such as chickenpox or the flu.

Question 37

Von Gierke disease

Answer 37

is a condition in which the body cannot break down glycogen. Glycogen is a form of sugar (glucose) that is stored in the liver and muscles. It is normally broken down into glucose to give you more energy when you need it. glycogen storage disaes

Question 38

belsy grading

Answer 38

``` gerd grading 1 hyperemic mucosa 2 superfcial ulcers 3 extesive ulcer 4 stricture or barrets ```

Question 39

The myenteric plexus also known as Auerbach's plexus,

Answer 39

The myenteric plexus, also known as Auerbach's plexus, is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestine.

Question 40

corkscrew esophagus

Answer 40

is a variant of a condition called achalasia, a condition that results from nerve damage and makes it difficult for the body to pass food and liquid to the stomach. When you have corkscrew esophagus, though, “The entire esophagus squeezes at once, and you end up with this corkscrew appearance,”

Question 41

heller operation

Answer 41

Heller myotomy is a surgical procedure in which the muscles of the cardia are cut, allowing food and liquids to pass to the stomach

Question 42

vein of mayo

Answer 42

A tributary of the right gastric vein that passes anterior to the pylorus at its junction with the duodenum.

Question 43

Boerhaave syndrome

Answer 43

Esophageal rupture is a rupture of the esophageal wall. Iatrogenic causes account for approximately 56% of esophageal perforations, usually due to medical instrumentation such as an endoscopy or paraesophageal surgery.

Question 44

CREST syndrome,

Answer 44

also known as the limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis, is a multisystem connective tissue disorder. The acronym "CREST" refers to the five main features: calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia.

Question 45

campers fascia

Answer 45

superfcial fatthy layer of superfcial fascia

Question 46

scarpa layer

Answer 46

deep membranous layer of superfscial fascia

Question 47

leriche syndrome

Answer 47

aortoiliac occlusive disease, is a form of central artery disease involving the blockage of the abdominal aorta as it transitions into the common iliac arteries. Classically, it is described in male patients as a triad of the following signs and symptoms: claudication of the buttocks and thighs absent or decreased femoral pulses erectile dysfunction

Question 48

infant hercules in ledyig cell tumor

Answer 48

A syndrome of hypothyroidism associated muscular enlargement to give the appearance of an infant Hercules. The enlarged muscles are weak and slow to contract and relax. There is clinical or subclinical myxoedema, lower extremity or generalized muscular hypertrophy, and typical manifestations of cretinism.

Question 49

stephen-Fowler operation

Answer 49

Laparoscopic Stephen-Fowler stage procedure: appropriate management for high intra-abdominal testes

Question 50

callot triangle

Answer 50

The triangle of Calot is an important landmark whose boundaries include the common hepatic duct medially, the cystic duct laterally, and the inferior edge of the liver superiorly

Question 51

The cystic lymph node of Lund

Answer 51

The cystic lymph node of Lund (also known as the Calot or Mascagni node) is the sentinel node for the gallbladder, and one of the structures in Calot triangle.

Question 52

caterpillar hepatic artery

Answer 52

Tortuous right hepatic artery ('caterpillar hump') is an infrequent but potentially dangerous variation

Question 53

hartmann pouch

Answer 53

Hartmann pouch is a dilatation of the wall of the gallbladder at the region between neck and the cystic duct, It is inconstant feature found as an anatomical variant and considered a frequent site for gall stone impaction and mucocele formation as a complication.

Question 54

McEvedy

Answer 54

The McEvedy is a vertical incision from the femoral canal and brought superior to above the inguinal ligament. It opens the femoral space

Question 55

Malgaigne's bulges

Answer 55

Malgaigne's bulges are elongated bulges especially visible in the flank region while straining. It is common in men with poor musculature of the abdomen.

Question 56

The keel operation

Answer 56

The keel operation in the treatment of "giant" incisional hernias and divercation of recti اسمها التاني maingot

Question 57

mayo operation

Answer 57

An operation for the radical cure of umbilical hernia

Question 58

Houston's valves

Answer 58

The transverse folds of rectum (or Houston's valves) are semi-lunar transverse folds of the rectal wall that protrude into the rectum

Question 59

Waldeyer's fascia

Answer 59

Waldeyer's fascia (a.k.a. rectosacral fascia) originates from the presacral parietal fascia at the S2 to S4 level fusing with the rectal visceral fascia

Question 60

Denonvilliers' fascia

Answer 60

The rectoprostatic fascia (Denonvilliers' fascia) is a membranous partition at the lowest part of the rectovesical pouch.