Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VSC224 > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

What are digestive organs primarily formed of?

A

Endonderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do the muscles and connective tissue that support epithelium originate from

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the diaphragm separate?

A

Thoracic and abdominal cavities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 regions of the Abdomen?

A

Cranial abdominal region - xiphoid and hypochondriac region.
Middle abdominal region - umbilical and lateral region.
Caudal abdominal region - pubic and inguinal region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two main muscle groups of the abdominal wall?

A

Ventrolateral group

Dorsal (sublumbar) group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which muscles comprise of the ventrolateral abdominal group?

A 
'Three broad fleshy sheets superimposed on each other with contrasting orientation of their fibres'.
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which muscles comprise of the sublumbar abdominal group?

A

Psoas major
Iliacus
Quadratus lumborum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

Midline along abdomen, principal insertion fibrous cord.

Extends from xiphoid cartilage to pelvic symphysis by the prepubic tendon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Discuss the External abdominal oblique.

A

Arises from lateral surface of the rib and lumbar fascia.
Fibres run caudoventrally.
Aponeurosis.
Inserts on linea alba, pubic brim and pelvic tendon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Discuss the internal abdominal oblique.

A

Arises from tuber coxae.
Fans out cranioventrally and caudoventrally.
Aponeurosis
Free caudal edge at inguinal canal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Discuss the transversus abdominis.

A

Arises from inner surface of last ribs and transverse process of lumbar vertebrae.
Fibres run transversely.
Aponeurosis
Linea alba.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Discuss the rectus abdominis.

A

6pack.
Broad band to side of the linea alba - abdominal floor.
Arises from ventral surface of rib cartilages and sternum.
Inserts on pubic brim and pre-pubic tendon.
Series of segments by irregular transverse septa-tendinous.
Rectus sheath - internal and external.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is the cremaster muscle formed?

A

From the internal abdominal oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of the superficial and deep inguinal ring?

A

Spermatic cord and vessels in males.

Vaginal process filled with fat in females.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 holes in the diaphragm?

A

Caval foramen
Oesophageal hiatus
Aortic hiatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which systems does the peritoneum cover?

A

GIT only.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is often stored in the peritoneum?

A

fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Delicate serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.

Single layer of flattened mesothelial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where will you find the root of the mesentary?

A

Directly under L1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What two structures are known as the modified peritoneum?

A

Mesentry - attached to the jejunum.

Mesocolon - attached to the colon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the clinical significance of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity?

A

Peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the difference between the visceral and parietal portions of the peritoneum?

A

Visceral surface touches organs , parietal touches abdominal walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the omentum?

A

Covers stomach and SI mostly, not entirely sure of function but perhaps to prevent rubbing between different organs and restricting their movement.
Also called Mesogastrium.
Greater and lesser.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is the greater omentum?

A

Covers greater curvature of stomach.

Superficial and deep wall - peritoneal space enclosed by walls called the omental bursa/recess.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where is the lesser omentum?

A

Lesser curvature of stomach to the visceral surface of the liver.
Attaches stomach and liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the major divisions of the stomach?

A

Cardiac
Fundus
Pyloric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the stomach capacity of a dog?

A

0.5-0.6L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where in the abdomen would you expect to find the stomach?

A

Transverse position on left side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the external features of the stomach?

A

Greater curvature
Lesser curvature
Angular notch (incisura)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the internal features of the stomach.

A

Cardiac notch - portion between cardia and bulging fundic part.
Sulcus ventriculi (gastric groove) - shortest route for ingesta to take passing from cardiac to the pyloric part.
Pyloric antrum and pyloric canal.
Pyloric sphincter - entrance to duodenum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the stomach layers?

A 
Serosal
Muscular - Outer longitudinal
Inner circular and oblique layers
Sub mucosal and mucosal layers
Between the submucosal and mucosal layers is the plexiform muscularis mucosae (venous and arterial plexus).
32
Q

Describe the characteristics of the mucosal layer of the stomach.

A

Thrown into folds called ruggae or plicae gastricae (longitudinal folds).
The entire mucousa is pockmarked with gastric pits which the gastric glands deliver substances to.

33
Q

What are the three types of gastric glands?

A

Cardiac glands
Fundic glands (proper gastric glands) - produce gastric juice, pepsin and HCl via chief and parietal cells.
Pyloric glands.
Don’t always coincide with regions of the same names.

34
Q

What is the main blood supply to the stomach?

A

Celiac artery - major branch of aorta.

Portal Vein - hepatic portal shunt.

35
Q

What is the stomach innervated by?

A

Intramural plexus (little brain in stomach-enteric NS)
Parasympathetic fibres from Vagus nerve
Sympathetic fibres from celiac plexus.
Involved in local reflexes (gastric stimulation).

36
Q

Outline the branches from the aorta feeding the abdominal viscera.

A

Aorta branches into celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries.
Celiac has 3 branches; hepatic, splenic, (L) gastric.
Hepatic leads to gastro-duodenal, then (R) gastric, (R) gastroepiploic and cranial pancreaticoduodenal.
Splenic leads to (L) gastroepiploic.

37
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic nerve supply on the GIT?

A

Decreases activity.

Via the celiacomesenteric ganglion (celiac plexus and cranial mesenteric plexus).

38
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic nerve supply on the GIT?

A

Excites GIT.

Dorsal and ventral vagus, cranial and caudal ganglia on both.

39
Q

Discuss the liver

A

Largest gland in the body.
Endo and exocrine (produces bile) function.
Located in cranial part of abdomen, behind diaphragm.
3-5% of BW, heavier in younger animals.
Deep red, firm.
Central location in dog.

40
Q

Where is the gastric impression on the liver?

A

Left side on the left lateral lobe visceral surface.

41
Q

Where is the renal fossa on the liver?

A

Right side, caudate lobe on visceral surface.

42
Q

Where is the gall bladder?

A

Always present between right medial and quadrate lobes in all species.

43
Q

What are the lobes of the liver?

A

Left - left lateral and left medial.
Right - right lateral and right medial.
Quadrate
Caudate - papillary and caudate processes.

44
Q

What impressions are present on the liver?

A

Gastric
Renal
Duodenal

45
Q

What is the porta of the liver?

A

Hilus of the organ.
Located dorsal third of the visceral surface.
Location where ducts/vessels and nerves enter and leave.

46
Q

What is the liver blood supply called?

A

Hepatic portal system.

80% portal vein, 20% hepatic artery.

47
Q

What ligaments and attachments are present around the liver?

A

Right and left triangular
Coronary
Falciform - remnant of ventral mesentry between liver and diaphragm.
Round - remnant of umbilical vein.

48
Q

Is the gall bladder essential?

A

No

49
Q

Discuss the pancreas.

A

Some resemblance to salivary gland.
Closely related to duodenum.
Exocrine and endocrine functions - produces digestive juice that is discharged into proximal part of duodenum.
Two lobes in dogs, right (over duodenal flexure) and left (short, over caudal surface of stomach).

50
Q

What is the blood supply to the pancreas?

A

Cranial and caudal pancreatico duodenal arteries.

Veins drain to portal vein.

51
Q

What is the nerve supply to the pancreas?

A

Celiac plexus
Cranial mesenteric plexus
Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

52
Q

Discuss the spleen.

A

Located in left hypogastric region, parallel to greater curvature of the stomach.
Firm consistency.
Hilus
Attached to stomach by gastrosplenic ligament (part of greater omentum).

53
Q

Can an animal survive without its spleen?

A

Yes

54
Q

What are the sections of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

55
Q

What are the sections of the large intestine?

A

Caecum
Colon
Rectum

56
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

First part of the SI.
Fixed.
Located in upper right half of the hypochondriac region (9th intercostal space).
Runs caudally on (R) side (descending duodenum) to level of tuber coxae, makes U turn, runs obliquely-cranioinistrally on (L) side (ascending duodenum).

57
Q

What is the jejunum?

A 
Coiled part of SI.
Longest part.
Confined to ventral part of abdomen.
Has a fan shaped mesentary.
Blood supply from branches of cranial mesenteric artery.
58
Q

What is the ileum?

A

Short
Has peritoneal folds (ileocolic and ileocaecal).
Ileal papillae.
Opens into colon (small caecum in dog).
Leads in to large intestine (L4) via ileocaecal valve.

59
Q

What is the caecum?

A 
First part of large intestine.
Blunt apex (blind end), small in dog.
Smooth walls, no villi.
60
Q

What are the 3 stages of the colon?

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending

61
Q

Discuss the colon.

A

3 sections; ascending (right side), transverse (cranial to root of mesentry) and descending (left side).
Hooked part of the colon lies cranial to the root of mesentry.
Mesentry of colon is called mesocolon.

62
Q

Discuss the rectum.

A

Last part of LI.
Begins at pelvic inlet, continuous with descending colon.
Straight.
Attached dorsally to the ventral surface of sacrum by the thin mesorectum.

63
Q

What is the main blood supply to the small and large intestines?

A

Cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries.

Jejunal artery is a main branch.

64
Q

What is the nerve supply to the small and large intestines?

A

Sympathetic - celiac and cranial and caudal mesenteric ganglia.
Parasympathetic - dorsal and ventral vagus (colon) and pelvic nerves (rectum).

Pudendal nerve supplies external anal sphincter.

65
Q

Discuss lymph layout around the intestines.

A

Numerous lymph nodes around SI.
Jejunal lymph nodes (two long lymph nodes), mesenteric lymph nodes.
Flow into cisterna chyli (duct) that drains into thoracic duct and then caudal vena cava.

66
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

67
Q

Discuss Kidneys.

A

Firm, reddish brown.
Vary in size and shape.
Located in lumbar region, pressed against abdominal roof (retroperitoneal). Not symmetrical - (R) cranial to (L).
(R) kidney has fossa on liver (T13-L2).
(L) kidney is more pendulous and mobile (L1-L4).

68
Q

What are the two types of kidney?

A

Unipyrimidal/Unilobular (dog, cat, horse)

Multipyramidal (cow, pig, human)

69
Q

What are components of the general structure of the kidney?

A

Fibrous capsule and peri-renal fat - if this peels off easily then kidney is healthy.
Renal hilus
Renal pelvis (first part of ureter)
Renal parenchyma (cortex (outside)/medulla (inside).
Renal papilla
Renal arteries
Interlobular arteries
Arcuate arteries (form arc, on outside of medulla).

70
Q

What is the kidneys nerve supply?

A

Sympathetic - coeliacomesenteric plexus

Parasympathetic - vagus

71
Q

What is the hierarchy of arteries within the kidney?

A

Renal - segmental - interlobar - arcuate - interlobular

Same for veins (in reverse).

72
Q

How do the ureter and bladder connect?

A

Ureter penetrates bladder obliquely.
Intramural course (through muscular wall) - prevents reflux.
Uretero-vesicular junction (flap valve).

73
Q

Discuss the Bladder.

A

Distend-able storage organ (layers of smooth muscle).
Pubic bones.
Pelvic cavity and abdominal cavity in dog and cat.
Median and lateral vesical ligament
Urachus
Trigone

74
Q

What is the nerve supply to the bladder?

A

Sensory innervation via pudendal nerves.
Sympathetic innervation hypogastric.
Parasympathetic pelvic nerve (innervate detrusor muscle)

75
Q

What is the blood supply to the bladder?

A

Female - vaginal artery
Male - prostatic artery
Also supplemented by reduced umbilical arteries.

VSC224 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions