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GRM > GIS Summer Exam > Flashcards

GIS Summer Exam Flashcards

1
Q

William Roy and Paul Sandby helped map the Scottish highlands in the 1700’s. 1770 what did Roy setup and what did it teach?

A

1799, staff college founded at High Wycombe. Taught strategy, tactics and topography.

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2
Q

The Boer war is seen as the main impetus for systematic mapping by the?

A

British

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3
Q

The First World War gave way to the development of what analysis?

A

Terrain analysis

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4
Q

The number of field survey units of the royal engineers increased between 1914-1918 from 3 field companies to?

A

6 field battalions (

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5
Q

The western front map wasn’t completed until when?

A
  1. Over 12,000sq miles needed mapping. Much of which was in German hands
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6
Q

What was the scales that the western front map was produced at?

A

1:10,000, 1:20,000 & 1:40,000. Drafted at 1:20,000 and then enlarged or reduced.

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7
Q

In 1920 what was formed by Col. M,N. McLeod?

A

The Air survey committee.

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8
Q

What four types of model making were there?

A

1) strategic planning
2) air bombing targets
3) target interpretation
4) commando raids

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9
Q

Egg crate models were being created 2 years prior to what operation? (D-Day) 700 models were created.

A

Operation Overlord.

Resources were concentrated on a scale of 1:5000.

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10
Q

Geodetic computations were quicker using what mathematical tool?

A

Calculators

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11
Q

One of the first computers employed was called?

A

Pegasus.

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12
Q

Through modernisation and petrol, map production became?

A

Automated.

Collect data from aerial photos, maps etc then store the data in a database.

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13
Q

The gulf war was intimated when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. 20 million maps were produced to help with what?

A

Training in desert navigation.
Artillery control
Minefield mapping.

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14
Q

UNPROFOR stands for what?

A

United Nations protection Force.

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15
Q

What does ACRRC stand for?

A

NATO Allied Command Rapid Reaction Core.

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16
Q

What does IPB stand for?

A

Intelligence Preparation for the Battlespace.

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17
Q

GIS produces a BAE trace. What does BAE stand for?

A

Battlespace Area Evaluation.

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18
Q

Point pattern analysis is used extensively for what type of explosive pattern? Commonly used in Afghanistan.

A

Improvised Explosive Devices (IED)

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19
Q

When was ordnance survey established? And when was the ordnance survey act put in place and what did it do?

A

Founded in 1791

Act out in place I’m 1841- established as the modern authority on survey and map production for GB.

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20
Q

When was the 6 inch survey introduced in to Britiain?

A

1840

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21
Q

The Irish survey at 1:10,560 (6 inches to one mile) was introduced in what year?

A

1824

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22
Q

What are the ‘basic’ scales for the country?
Cultivated areas
Uncultivated areas
Towns >4,000 people

A

1: 2,500 Cultivated areas
1: 10,560 Uncultivated areas
1: 500 (10ft to the mile) Towns >4,000 people
1: 63,360 and smaller (1 inch to the mile)

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23
Q

Name some influences on the 19th century house style that was introduced. There are 6

A 
Photography
Zincography
Colour printing
Machine stamping
Reduction of cost 
Changing user demand
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24
Q

What was wrong with the1892 ordnance survey 1 inch maps?

A

They were either:
Hachured and monochrome
Or
Monochrome with contours.

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25
Q

1912 a new map style was adopted; the “popular edition”. It became the subsequent OS mapping for the 20th century and was adopted by the army for maps used in what war?

A

The European war (WWII)

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26
Q

The director generals of the Ordnance survey all had a major influence on the organisations direction. Can you name any?

A 
Charles Close (1911-1922)
Evan Maclean (1922-1930)
Harold Winterbotham (1930-1934)
Malcom Macleod (1935-1943)
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27
Q

Developments in air survey and photogrammetry initiated the development of the what in 1901?

A

The measuring stereoscope

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28
Q

Close, Jack and Winterbotham were sceptical of the air survey while Macleod was more positive. Name some of the pro’s and con’s

A

Con’s: cost effectiveness, weather and conditions, dealing with civilian contractors.
Pro’s: supported plotter developments, keen to support British instruments, found a route to make changes

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29
Q

What were the three primary tasks of the Davidson committee?

A

Accelerate revision
Update maps for town and country planning schemes
Review the scales and styles of the maps.

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30
Q

What were some of the important outcomes of the Davidson committee?

A

Maps should be recast on national not county sheet lines.
Adoption of a national projection.
A national grid should be super imposed.
Grid based in the international metre.
New 1:1250 scale for urban areas. 1:25,000 for all areas.

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31
Q

Name two of the existing projections:

A

The Cassini projection- transverse application of the carée or simple non-perspective cylindrical projection.

The Mercator projection

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32
Q

When OS started sub contracting digitising the feature codes reduced by what % and what happened to the cost of production?

A

Feature codes decreased by 80% from 160-35 codes.
Cost of production reduced from £600/£800-£150.
Was completed in 1995.

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33
Q

What is cost recorvery? Maximise revenue, minimise cost and?

A

Maximise profit

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34
Q

Cost recovery of OS in 1996 was what in percent?

Cost recovery in 2003/2004 was 100% and was achieved through redundancy.

A

80%

35
Q

In 1891 Albrecht Penck argued for a new map series. The IMW. What does it stand for and what scale

A

International Map of the World. 1:1 million.

36
Q

An agreement for the IMW was reached in 1909. What projection was agreed

A

A simple polyconic projection. 1:1 million scale. 1m used as basic unit of measurement.
Each sheet would cover 6• of longitude and 4• of latitude.

37
Q

The International Map of the World was never completed. Why?

A

Only 1,000 sheets were published. Revisions were required urgently. A single global map was more sensible.

38
Q

The first photograph was taken by Daguerre and Nepce in France in what year?

A

1839

First photo survey was taken carried out in 1840 by Hill and Pigeon.

39
Q

The definition of remote sensing

A

Remote sensing is the science of acquiring information about the earths surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analysing and applying that information.

40
Q

Name some of the types of remote sensing

A 
Analytical photogrammetry
Digital photogrammetry 
Satellite imagery/image processing
Thermal imagery
Terrestrial photography
Laser scanning
UAV's
41
Q

What platforms can be used to acquire remotely sensed data?

A

Aircraft - low, medium, high altitude, UAV’s.
Satellite - polar orbiting, sun - synchronous
Geo-synchronous= stationary relative to Earth.
Other - pigeons, kites, balloons, blimps, model aircraft, terrestrial.

42
Q

What are some of the advantages to remote sensing?

A 
Non intrusive
Un contaminated data source. 
Some low-skill techniques. 
Allows retrospective monitoring.
Multitude of applications. 
Cost effectively 
Wide range data.
43
Q

What are the copyright laws surrounding remotely sensed data and maps?

A

OS maps=70 years

Maps by an author= 70 years from death.

44
Q

What is a passive sensor?

A

It sources radiation from outside the sensor.
Detectors onboard measure the amount of energy reflected.
Includes aerial cameras.
Usually solar energy.
Thermal energy emitted day and night can be recorded.
Film based and digital cameras, both aerial and handheld, as well as, digital satellite sensors such as Landsat thematic map.

45
Q

What is an active sensor?

A

Carries on board its own electromagnetic radiation source.
Returned radiation is reordered by sensors on board.
Radar, LIDAR, flash, camera, sonar.

46
Q

What are the different resolutions?

A

High spatial resolution - 0.6 - 4m
Medium spatial resolution - 4 - 30m
Low spatial resolution - 30 - >1000m

47
Q

What is temporal resolution?

A

Refers to joe often the same geographic area is revisited by a sensor. Temporal resolution is governed by the orbital characteristics of the satellite vehicle or flight periods.

General rule- the higher the resolution, the longer the revisit time.

48
Q

What is spectral resolution?

A

The number and width (wavelengths) of bands of electromagnetic energy detectable by a given sensor.
Is limited to the visible and low end of the near infrared portion of the EMS for photographic film.

49
Q

What image type features a lossless compression feature. Images are large (400-500mb)

A

TIFF

50
Q

What does ECW stand for?

A

Enhanced compression wavelet

51
Q

What are raw images?

A

Images in their original format. They look but do not conform to the spatial coordinate systems.

52
Q

The process of attaching spatial information to an image is called?

A

Rectification, georeferencing, orthophoto production.

53
Q

What is accuracy?

A

The degree of closeness to the true value

54
Q

Define precision

A

The degree to which an instrument or process will repeat the same value.

55
Q

Image processing errors occur as a result of physical error, instrument error, spatial error and what else?

A

Interpretive error and classification error.

56
Q

Supervised classification should be used when you know the area well enough, have identified relatively few classes or when?

A

You have selected training sites that can be verified with ground truth data.
May require expert knowledge

57
Q

Unsupervised classification may be used when you want the classes determined by spectral distinctions that are inherent in the data. What does this form of classification allow you to do?

A

It enables you to define many classes easily.

58
Q

What is Corine Land Cover (CLC)?

A

It is a digital map of the Europeam environmental landscape intended for use by policy makers.

59
Q

What does ground truthing do?

A

It enables calibration of remote sensing data or data from secondary sources.

60
Q

EMR stands for?

A

Electromagnetic radiation

61
Q

How is electromagnetic radiation emitted?

A

1) as a broad spectrum
2) as a special band
3) as an individual wavelength

62
Q

What is the Stefan-Boltzmann Law?

A

How much energy is emitted by an object is determined among other factors by its surface temperature.

63
Q

Energy emitted from an object is primarily a function of its temperature. This is expressed for a hypothetical energy source known as a …

A

Blackbody

64
Q

The higher the temperature of the radiator, the greater the total amount of radiation it emits. Whose law describes the relationship between the temperature and the wavelength at which a blackbody radiation curve reaches a maximum?

A

Wien’s displacement law

65
Q

Most common remote sensing systems operate within a particular range on the Electromagnetic spectrum. Can you describe the colours and the length?

A

Blue 0.4-0.5um (400 to 500nm)
Green 0.5 - 0.6um (500 to 600nm)
Red 0.6-0.7um (600 to 700nm)

66
Q

What types of energy interactions exist:
In the atmosphere?
With surface features?

A

In the atmosphere: scattering, absorption.

With surface features: absorption, transmission, reflectance.

67
Q

What does NDVI stand for?

A

Normalised Difference Vegetation Index

68
Q

What are the analytical functions of the queens incremental move?

A

Polygon overlay, measurement of area, user define circles and polygons for query

69
Q

Can you explain the perpendicular distance algorithm?

A

Removing points of a line to find the shortest and simplest route

70
Q

Can you name any of the advantages of Arc storage?

A 
Reduces data storage
Avoids double digitising
Enables planar enforcement
Enables topological controls/rules
Ensures that: no lines or points are duplicated. Lines and points can be referenced to more than one polygon. All polygons have unique identifiers
71
Q

What are the arc GIS topology rules?

A

The polygon: must not overlap and must not have gaps.
The lines: must not intersect, and must not self intersect.
The point: must be properly inside polygons.

72
Q

Can you name some of the advantages of vectors?

A

Less data redundancy
Empty space possible more aesthetically pleasing
Exact shapes of entities possible
Accuracy of measurements only limited by source data
No mixed problem
Area and perimeter calculations more precise
Network applications possible

73
Q

Can you name some of the disadvantages of vectors?

A

Relatively complex structures
Need to identify and define objects in the real world.
Poorer representation of continuous phenomena
Overlay analysis complex and liable to promote error.
Harder to write computer models as sequence of computations.
In general, narrower ranger of analysis capabilities

74
Q

Finish the sentences:
Raster show what…
Vector shows where…

A

Raster shows what occurs everywhere

Vector shows where everything occurs

75
Q

What does point in polygon, line in polygon and polygon all shows?

A

Point in polygon: overlay point on polygon. New attribute for point.
Line in polygon: lines broken at polygon boundaries. New attribute for each line.
Polygon on polygon (polygon overlay)
Best known and most common. Boundaries broken at each intersection. Number of output areas greater than before

76
Q

Union overlay, identity overlay and intersect overlay are all types of what?

A

Polygon overlay.

77
Q

Can you describe dissolve and merge polygons?

A

Aggregate areas based in attributes.
Dissolve boundaries- delete arcs between polygons of same attribute (same landowner)
Merge polygons- recode sequence of line segments forming boundary (rebuild topology). Assign new IDs to each new object, recalculate if necessary.

78
Q

What is Djikstras Algoritihim?

A

Solving a single source shortest path problem using a weighted graph. Shortest route from node to all other nodes.
(Refer to worksheets)

79
Q

What are some of the raster disadvantages?

A 
Data redundancy 
All grids square or rectangular
Must store value for all cells. 
No empty space even if you want it.
Can be less aesthetically pleasing
Exact shapes of entities are only approximated. 
Accuracy of measurements limited by resolution
Mixed problem
Weak with nominal data.
80
Q

Can you identify any of the raster advantages?

A

Simple structure
Superior representation of continuous phenomena.
Ideally suited for quantitative combinations of multiplied data layers
Makes it very easy to write computer models as sequences of computations
In general, much broader range of analysis capabilities.
Compatibility with digital satellite imagery/aerial photography.
Good for views he’d and cost surface analysis.

81
Q

What equipment is required for land surveys?

A 
Tape measure
Compass
Clinimeter
Theodolites
Dumpy level.
82
Q

Which satellite systems are used around the world.

A

GPS (USA)
Galileo (Europe)
GLONASS (Russia)
Beidou (China)

83
Q

Which war gave way to mapping the world?

A

Cold War

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