gin bayog Flashcards
- make up cells in the body
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Organic molecules are also known as (?) due to their relatively large size as compared to inorganic compounds.
macromolecules
A chain of carbon atoms is called (?) and this can bond with carbon rings to form larger or
more complex molecules.
carbon skeleton
Carbon- based molecules are often the results of smaller molecules called subunits, linked together in a chain. Each subunit molecule is called a
monomer
Monomers that link together, to form complex molecules
are called
polymers
are the most abundant organic compounds in living organisms that is responsible for as much 15% of the body’s dry weight.
Proteins
Protein are polymers made up of a chain of the basic building blocks called
amino acids
type of protein that Form the structural parts of cells and tissues
keratin, collagen, myosin
STRUCTURAL
type of protein chemical reactions in human body; formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information stored in DNA and for digestive system
amylase, protease, lipase Trypsin
ENZYMATIC
type of protein in which membrane protein in form of channel and carrier protein
sodium-potassium pumps, GLUT1, proton pump, calcium ATPase,
TRANSPORT
type of protein which defense system is against disease-causing foreign organisms
keratin, collagen, and elastin Salivary amylase, ptyalin
DEFENSE
type of protein which regulates body function-growth factors
peptidase or amylase
REGULATORY/ SIGNAL
type of protein that allow movement and cause muscle contraction
actin, mysosin
CONTRACTILE
type of protein that reserves of amino acids for growth and development
albumin
STORAGE
serves as the cell’s source
of energy and building material.
made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules
Carbohydrates
Are simple sugars with only one sugar unit
monosaccharides
such as glyceraldehyde (C3H6O3), is a monosaccharide with three carbon atoms,
Triose,
such as ribose (C5H12O5), is a
monosaccharide
with five carbon atom.
Pentose,
with six carbon atoms (C6H12O6) fructose(
corn sugar), galactose, mannosem and glucose
(dextrose- blood sugar)
Hexose,
are highly soluble in water and can easily pass through membranes such as cell membranes.
Monosaccharides
are instant sources of energy in the cell
Glucose
is commonly found in plants but rarely found in animals. Sweetest known sugar fruits, such as ripe mangoes, melon and sugar apple.
Fructose
is an indispensable component of the mammalian blood and is found at least small amount in all animals.
Glucose
are simple sugar forming the backbones of RNA and DNA.
Ribose and deoxyribose
Are complex sugars made up of two molecules of monosaccharides chemically joined together.
disaccharides
the common table sugar, is a disaccharide formed from the chemical combination of glucose and fructose.
is found in sugarcane, sugar beets, carrots, and other sweet fruits.
It is not found in mammals.
Sucrose,
are malt sugar is made up of two glucose molecules, which occur in malted cereals and sprouting grains.
Maltose
or milk sugar is composed of one molecule of galactose and one molecule of glucose.
Lactose
A disaccharide can be broken down into simple sugars by heating it with acids or heating it with acids or treating it with suitable enzyme. The chemical reaction where water molecule is added to split a disaccharide into its component units is called
hydrolysis or hydrolytic
reaction
glucose+fructose
sucrose
galactose+glucose
lactose
glucose+glucose
maltose
Are complex sugars made up of chains or branches of monosaccharides formed by
condensation reaction.
polysaccharides
are capable of acting as energy storage or structural molecules as parts of cell structures.
Polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen are examples of (?),
while cellulose and chitin are examples of (?).
storage polysaccharides, structural polysaccharides
is a storage of carbohydrate in plants composed entirely of glucose molecules.
It is commonly found in potato
tubers, cassava, carrots, corn, and cereals.
Starch
is a storage carbohydrates in animals, which accumulates in the liver and muscle cells of vertebrates.
Glycogen
Glycogen and starch are ideal storage
polysaccharides for the following
reasons:
(see answer agad)
Both can easily broken down into glucose molecules when needed
Both are insoluble in water, thus, do not affect osmotic pressure in cell.
Both have compact shape, thus, occupy less space.
Both cannot diffuse through cell membranes
because of their relatively large size
is a rich supply of glucose, but human and many animals are not capable of digesting it.
Ruminants, eat cellulose-rich materials such as grass and hay but rely on bacteria present in their digestive tract to digest cellulose.
Cellulose
is a structural polysaccharide in the outer coverings of crustaceans and insect.
It has protective and supportive functions.
It is highly insoluble and does not expand in water, making animals survive aquatic environments.
is also an effective source of surgical sutures or threads due to its flexibility and strength.
Aside from medical uses chitin is also used in industrial, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological
Chitin
are organic substances that include fats and fat-lie substances, such as phospholipid, wax, steroid, and sphingolipid.
are generally hydrophobic substances and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, such as benzene, ether, and chloroform.
Lipids is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but contain less oxygen in proportion to hydrogen.
Lipids
Lipids in living organisms have the following functions:
(see answer agad)
Solvent for fat-soluble vitamins and hormones.
Prevents water loss from skin surface. The thin layer of oil secreted by sebaceous glands in the skin prevents water evaporation.
Essential parts of cell structures such as
cell membrane.
Insulating material to prevent heat loss and
protection against extreme cold.
Source and storage of energy. Lipids provide twice as much energy per pound as carbohydrates.
Fats can be broken down into simpler compounds by the addition of water or hydrolysis. Three molecules of water are
needed to break one molecule of fat into its component glycerol and three fatty acids with the aid of an enzyme called
lipase
are solid at room temperature. These are
mostly found in animals. Lard, margarine, and butter
Saturated fatty acids
occur in liquid state at room temperature.
They are mainly found in plants- vegetable oil and corn oil.
Unsaturated fatty acids
are organic compounds that function for the storage of genetic information, which is transmitted from one generation to the next in all living organisms.
also function in protein synthesis, as they carry the code needed in the formation of specific proteins.
Nucleic acids
The types of nucleic acids in living organisms are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Both types of nucleic acids are made up of the basic building blocks called
nucleotide
The structure of DNA as a double-stranded helix molecule was first described by (?) and (?) in 1953.
James Watson and Francis Crick
Sugar:
Deoxyribose
(C5H10O9)
DNA
Sugar:
Ribose
(C5H10O5)
DNA
Strand
Double-stranded
DNA
Strand:
Single-stranded
RNA
Nitrogenous bases:
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
DNA
Nitrogenous bases:
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
RNA
Location:
Mainly in nucleus but also found in mitochondria and chloroplast
DNA
Location:
Found in cytoplasm and nucleus
RNA
