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ASD Junior Year > Gilded Age Exam > Flashcards

Gilded Age Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Boss Tweed (William Marcy Tweed) and what did he do?

A
  • Head of Tammany Hall political machine (1860s-70s)
  • Used bribery and other unethical tactics to exploit New York City of over $200 million
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2
Q

Where did the money Boss Tweed received go?

A
  1. Creating public jobs (Beneficial for people and economy)
  2. Constructing public buildings at over inflated prices (Beneficial for building contractors and suppliers of materials)
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3
Q

Who was Thomas Nast and what did he do?

A
  • Cartoonist at the New York Times
  • Exposed Boss Tweed’s misuse of public funds to the illiterate public
  • Turned down a bride to stop (Was asked to “study art in Paris”)
  • Criticized the Catholic church and European immigrants facing less discrimination that POC immigrants
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4
Q

Who is Queen Liliuokalani and what did she do?

A
  • Sister of the King of Hawaii (Died; Therefore she became queen)
  • Brother was strongarmed by white business leaders to amend the constitution making only wealthy landowners able to vote
  • She proposed her “Hawaii for Hawaiians” agenda to fix this
  • Business groups and Ambassador John L. Stevens overthrew her rule
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5
Q

Who is William McKinley and what did he do?

A
  • 25th President of the United States of America (after Cleveland)
  • Opposite to Cleveland, he was in favor for the annexation of Hawaii (with or without the support of Hawaiians)
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6
Q

When did Hawaii become the 50th state in the Union?

A

1959

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7
Q

Who is Alfred Mahan and what did he do?

A
  • Naval officer and historian
  • Wrote the book “The Influence of Sea Power upon History” to argue for a large and powerful navy, needing the acquisition of the Caribbean Islands (Coaling & Naval stations + defense points)
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8
Q

Define the Gilded Age

A
  • The late 19th and early 20th century (~ 1870-1900)
  • Gilded means to cover thinly with gold = glorious-looking exterior but corrupt interior
  • Time of economic expansion
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9
Q

Outline the factors that led to the rapid growth of the American economy during the Gilded Age

A
  1. NATURAL RESOURCES
    - America’s natural resources were now profitable globally to meet technological demand (ex. coal, iron, petroleum)
  2. MANPOWER
    - Large population of immigrants = large supply of workers
  3. MARKET
    - Larger population = more consumers of goods
  4. TRANSPORTATION
    - Improved transportation technology increased efficiency (ex. Steam Engine Trains)
  5. UNOBTRUSIVE GOVERNMENT
    - Government did not interfere with the free market
  6. INVESTORS
    - Investors funded new coming enterprises
  7. INVENTORS
    - Invention makes new goods and innovation improves production efficiency
  8. FREEDOM
    - Flexible and free society; exploit what you can!
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10
Q

Characteristics of a:
- Robber Baron
- Captains of the Industry

A

ROBBER BARON:
- Criticized for their wealth and unethical business practices
- Paid low wages
- Killed diversity in the market

CAPTAINS OF THE INDUSTRY:
- Used their wealth to progress society
- Provided new and more jobs
- Inventive and business geniuses

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11
Q

Explain the factors and circumstances that led to America’s rapid expansion of territory during the Gilded Age

A
  1. Innovation to produce steel for railroads faster (Bessemer)
    - Railroads brought the goods to the West
  2. White people wanted western land for its resources. (Stealing Native American land)
    - Indian Wars
    - Buffalo massacre to remove the Native American food source
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12
Q

New Immigrant Groups

A

Europeans
- Many were Jews, escaping to America to avoid anti-Semitism
- Jobs allegedly more plentiful in America

Chinese
- Many came during the Gold Rush
- Many worked on railroads, then branched out to other jobs such as farming and domestic service

Japanese
- Annexation of Hawaii led to Japanese immigration
- Most lived on the West Coast as farm workers

The West Indies
- Jobs were scarce

Mexicans
- Jobs were scarce and were escaping political turmoil

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13
Q

What is the Chinese Exclusion Act?

A
  • An act in 1892 excluding Chinese people from entering the United States
  • Occurred for 10 years
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14
Q

Who was Thomas Edison and what did he do?

A
  • An inventor who is credited to thousands of inventions, most notably the phonograph
  • His inventions especially helped the lighting in houses and streets
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15
Q

What is Nativism?

A
  • An anti-immigration belief that mental capacity is a biological trait, in which the white race is superior in
  • “Immigrants will only bring crime and immorality into our nation” (to summarize Madison Grant’s “The Passing of the Great Race”)
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16
Q

What were some well known business monopolies of the Gilded Age?

A
  • Standard Oil (Rockefeller’s)
  • Carnagie’s Steel
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17
Q

What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

A

The first federal act that prohibited monopolies in American economy

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18
Q

Who was Andrew Carnegie and what did he do?

A
  • Founded the Carnegie Steel Corporation
  • Wrote “The Gospel of Wealth”
  • Gave the anti-imperialist message that America is so rich; why would we need to imperialize the way Britain needs to?
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19
Q

What caused the rise of consumerism?

A
  • “Mom and Pop” shops had to compete with factories that sold similar products faster and cheaper (killing the traditional value of products among consumers)
  • Make money? SPEND IT! narrative was pushed by new coming advertisements
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20
Q

What is Social Darwinism?

A
  • A misuse of Charles Darwin’s scientific observations about species (Darwin himself opposed this philosophy)
  • Belief that the powerful in society are superior than the weak, proven by their success
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21
Q

Who is Herbert Spencer and what the heck did he do?

A
  • A philosopher who fathered the Social Darwinism theory
  • Encouraged nativism and racism
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22
Q

What is eugenics?

A
  • A practice and study of sterilizing targeted groups to “improve” future generations and their intelligence
  • Heavily involved with the beliefs of nativism and Social Darwinism
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23
Q

What is The Gospel of Wealth?

A
  • A pair of articles published by Andrew Carnegie arguing that economic disproportion is necessary to indicate who is “lazy” and who is “hardworking”
  • A big pile of Social Darwinism for ya
  • However, it did advocate for better community services for unwealthy people (donating wealth to make museums, libraries, schools etc.)
24
Q

What are political machines?

A

Political movements where votes for government officials were dictated and manipulated by city “bosses” who sponsored political agendas

25
Q

How did political machines work?

A
  1. City bosses pay for public services and buildings
  2. Ward bosses offered favors to the poor
  3. Precinct Captains secured votes for government officials to spread the political agenda of the pyramid
26
Q

What is graft?

A

The illegal use of political influence for personal gain

Ex. in Day 5 Politics slides. “By helping a person find work on a construction project for the city, a political machine could ask the worker to bill the city for more than the actual cost of materials and labor. The worker then “kicked back” a portion of the earnings to the machine (and the individual politician).”

27
Q

What are kickbacks?

A

A bribe negotiated in exchange for (usually illegal) services to commence.
- Political machines exploited this pratice

28
Q

What were some arguments for imperialism?

A

Political:
- Politicians loved the idea of a global empire
- America is destined for greatness

Economical:
- International trade and spread of consumer base
- Import of diverse materials
- New markets would help sustain the economy
- “Hello, I like money” - Mr. Krabs

Societal:
- Social Darwinism fueled the idea that America had to bring civilization to “uncivilized places”
- We have to “save” these colonial nations from the oppression of the European empires!

29
Q

What is yellow (kid) journalism?

A
  • A style of sensationalized journalism that encouraged intense emotional responses, fostering a desired political climate
  • Political cartoons brought yellow journalism to the illiterate
30
Q

Who is William Seward and what did he do?

A
  • Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson
  • Arranged the U.S. to buy Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars
  • No one took him seriously, as they found no practicality in buying “Seward’s folly/icebox”
  • Alaska ended up being super rich in raw material, but didn’t become a state until 1959S
31
Q

Who was Sanford B. Dole and what did he do?

A
  • Overthrew the queen of Hawaii and sought to annex Hawaii
  • Refused to give up power despite President Cleveland’s wishes
32
Q

Describe the event of the USS Maine explosion

A
  • The ship that was ordered to bring home U.S. citizens from Cuba exploded
  • 260 men were killed
  • Yellow journalism blamed the Spanish, despite the cause being unclear at the time
  • Was the final motivation that caused the U.S. to declare war
33
Q

Who was John Hay and what did he do?

A
  • Secretary of State during the Spanish-American war
  • Helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris
  • Issues the Open Door Policy
  • “A splendid little war” - idk just found this quote regarding the Spanish-American war ridiculous
34
Q

Describe the Philippine-American war

A
  • America (President Cleveland) had the intention to annex The Philippines to “civilize” and protect it from Spanish rule
  • The Filipino wanted to govern themselves, and were willing to fight, establishing the Philippine Republic
  • The Philippine government surrenders in 1902
35
Q

What is the Open Door Policy

A
  • An agreement that no one imperialist nation would create a monopoly of China
  • America, France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia had to share
  • The Second rendition of the policy stated that the U.S. would be in charge of “the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire.”
  • The beginning of America’s economic possessiveness over Asia
36
Q

What is progressivism?

A

The belief that societal progression is in the power of active citizen involvement towards the government

37
Q

What is the City Beautiful movement?

A
  • An architectural movement that emphasized the beautification of cities and monuments to increase morale, civic pride, and traffic flow
  • Chicago was the magnum opus of the movement
38
Q

What is The Jungle?

A
  • A novel by Upton Sinclair criticizing the inhumane working conditions in the meat industry
  • A pinnacle of the progressive movement
39
Q

What is the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883

A
  • Encouraged by President Alan Arthur
  • Ensured federal jobs were appointed on a merit-based system, rather than from political affiliation
  • Public affiliation was more honest, but wealthy business owners became more involved with federal decisions through their donations
40
Q

Who is Theodore Roosevelt and what did he do?

A
  • A politician who advocated for public rights over party politics
  • Began construction of the Panama Canal
  • Later became the 26th president of the United States
41
Q

What is the Social Gospel Movement?

A

A protestant movement encouraging churches to involve themselves in civic issues and services to the poor

42
Q

What is the Berlin Conference?

A

A conference among fourteen European countries and the U.S. deciding how to split up African territories for each country to rule over

43
Q

What is “White Man’s Burden”?

A

The belief that because Europeans are “civilized” it is their obligation to “civilize” Africa

44
Q

Describe the Russo-Japanese war

A
  • Russia was struggling with economic expansion in China
  • Japan offered to recognize Manchuria and a Russia-dominated land in exchange for Korea
  • The offer did not go through causing the war
  • Theodore Roosevelt interfered, ending the war in 1905
  • Japan was left victorious and Russia was left politically weak
45
Q

Who are the Buffalo Soldiers?

A

A group of African American soldiers who fought against the Native Americans during the Indian Wars

46
Q

What were the Indian Wars?

A
  • A series of violence between the Native Americans and white settlers during Westward Expansion
  • White settlers wanted to own land in the west… that already had people living there…
47
Q

What was the Wounded Knee Massacre

A
  • A massacre that killed around 300 Lakota people over an allegedly accidentally gunshot
  • The war department felt threatened by the Ghost Dance and were intending to arrest chief Big Foot
  • Troops forced the Miniconjou people to give up their weapons at Wounded Knee Creek, when the gunshot happened
48
Q

What was the Haymarket Affair?

A
  • A peaceful protest for worker’s strikes hijacked by a bomb thrown at the police, who were trying to break up the meeting
  • Eight police officers and an unknown number of civilians were killed
49
Q

What were the sugar tariffs?

A
  • Tariffs placed under the McKinley Act on imported sugar from Hawaii
  • Weakened the bond between American investors and Hawaiian farmers
50
Q

What was the The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?

A
  • Banned the selling of misbranded food and drugs
  • Laid the foundation of the FDA
51
Q

What was the Platt Amendment?

A
  • A treaty that was offered as U.S.’s protection over Cuba against foreign intervention
  • Was really just a way for America to politically
    and economically possess/exploit Cuba
52
Q

Who were muckrakers?

A
  • Journalists who exposed corruption within institutions and businesses during the Progressive Era
  • Name coined by Theodore Roosevelt for comparing them to someone stirring up the mud at the bottom of a pond.
53
Q

What is economic colonialism?

A

The exploitation of natural resources from other countries for the benefit of your own economy

54
Q

What was the Interstate Commerce Act?

A

A federal law meant to regulate the corrupt business practices of the railroad industry

55
Q

What was the Entente Cordiale

A

A peace treaty between France and Britain that prevented hostilities during the Russo-Japanese war between them, and for another thousand years
- Russia joined in 1907, making it the Triple Entente

56
Q

What is a banana republic?

A

A country that’s economy depends on exporting one certain good

57
Q

Describe the Spanish-American war

A
  • America supported Cuba and The Philippines’s independence against the Spanish rule
  • The USS Maine exploded and the blame was put on the Spanish
  • After the Treaty of Paris, Spain freed Cuba (along with Guam and Puerto Rico) and sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.

ASD Junior Year (19 decks)

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