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Anatomical Sciences > GI tract > Flashcards

GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

The GI tract is a continuous tube extending from the ____ to the ____

A

mouth

anus

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2
Q

what are the main organs/parts of the body involved in the GI tract

A 
oral cavity
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum and anal canal
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3
Q

what are the accessory organs

A 
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder
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4
Q

epithelial lining of the primative gut tube is derived from the ___

A

embryonic endoderm

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5
Q

the connective tissue , smooth muscle and peritoneal covering of the wall of the tube are derived from the ____

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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6
Q

where does the foregut extend from and to

A

from the mouth to the point where the hepatopancreatic ampula enters the duodenum

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7
Q

where does the midgut extend from and to

A

from the point where the hepatopancreatic ampulla enters the duodenum to the junction between the proximal 2/3 and distal 1/3 of the transverse colon

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8
Q

where does the hindgut extend from and to

A

junction between the proximal 2/3 and distal 1/3 of the transverse colon to the anus

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9
Q

the gut tube is vascularised by branches from ___

A

the abdominal aorta

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10
Q

foregut is supplied with blood from ___

A

coeliac trunk

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11
Q

midgut is supplied with blood from ___

A

superior mesenteric artery

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12
Q

hindgut is supplied with blood from ___

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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13
Q

insufficient blood supply in the GI tract may lead to ___

A

ischemic collitis

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14
Q

which veins drain blood from the major parts of the GIT

A

hepatic veins

drains through to the inferior vena cava

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15
Q

what is a portal vein

A

a vein conveying blood to the liver from the spleen, stomach, pancreas and intestines

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16
Q

what is a systemic vein

A

one capillary bed to the heart

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17
Q

derivatives of the gut tube

A 
pharynx
larynx
oesophagus
stomach
duodenum (proximal half)
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
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18
Q

derivatives of the midgut

A

duodenum (distal half)
jejunum
cecum
ascending and transverse colon

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19
Q

derivatives of the hindgut

A 
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon 
rectum
anal canal
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20
Q

the intestinal loops protrude through the ___ region of the developing foetus to form the physiological umbilical hernia

A

ubilical region

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21
Q

the intestinal loops usually return to the abdominal cavity through several rotations of the ___

A

gut tube

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22
Q

what is omphalocele

A

failure of the intestinal loops to return to the abdominal cavity

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23
Q

what is diverticula of the colon

A

small out pocketing pouches from the wall of the colon

may lead to diverticulitis

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24
Q

the peritoneum lines the walls of which cavity

A

abdominal

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25
Q

what are the 2 layers of the peritoneum

A

parietal - lines the inner surface of the walls

visceral - covers most of the abdominal viscera

26
Q

what is the peritoneal caivty

A

potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneal layers

27
Q

what is intraperitoneal

A

when organs are completely covered by the visceral peritoneum

28
Q

what is retroperitoneal

A

when organs lie behind the peritoneum and are partially covered on their anterior surface only (e.g. kidney or pancreas)

29
Q

what is a mesentery

A
  • double layer of peritoneum that enclose organs and connect them to either the anterior or posterior walls of the abdomen
30
Q

what does the mesentery called omentum connect?

A

stomach to transverse colon

31
Q

what does the mesentery called the lesser omentum connect?

A

connects stomach and bit of duodenum to the liver

32
Q

what does the falciform ligament connect?

A

liver to anterior abdominal wall

33
Q

is the stomach higher or lower in slim people than fat people

A

slim people have lower stomachs

34
Q

cancer of the head of the pancreas often compresses and obstructs the ____

A

biile duct and/or the hepatopancreatic ampulla

35
Q

cancer of the head of the pancreas leads to enlargement of the ____

A

gallbladder

36
Q

what surgical procedure is used to treat cancer in the head of the pancreas

A

pancreatoduodenoctomy (whipple’s procedure)

37
Q

what does the blockage of hepatopancreatic ampulla by gallstone lead to

A

pancreatitis due to reflux of the bile into the pancreatic duct

38
Q

right and left lobes of the liver are separated by the ___

A

falciform ligament

39
Q

quadrate and caudate lobes of the liver are separated by the ____

A

sagittal fissures and the transverse porta hepatitis

40
Q 
true or false
each lobe (right and left) receives its own primary branch of hepativ artery and portal vein
A

true

41
Q

what lobe is considered to be the third liver lobe

A

caudate lobe

42
Q

how many segments is the liver divided into

A

8

43
Q

by what 2 blood vessels is the liver divided into

A

hepatic portal vein

hepatic artery

44
Q

what % of blood does the hepatic portal vein supply to the liver

A

75-80%

45
Q

what % of blood does the hepatic artery supply to the liver

A

20-25%

46
Q

what % of the lymph entering the thoracic duct comes from the liver

A

between 25 and 50%

47
Q

what makes up the extrahepatic part of the billiary tree

A

right and left hepatic duct
common hepatic duct
bile ducts
hepatopancreatic ampulla

48
Q

what fraction does the jejunum make up of the small intestine

A

2/5

49
Q

what fraction does the ileum make up of the small intestine

A

3/5

50
Q

is this true for the jejunum or the ileum?

fewer loops of arterial cascades

A

jejunum

51
Q

is this true for the jejunum or the ileum?

longer vasa recta within its mesentery

A

jejunum

52
Q

what is a mesenteric border

A

concave margin of a small bowel loop

faces towards the root of the mesentery

53
Q

what is an anti-mesenteric border

A

convex margin of a small bowel loop

faces away from the root of the mesentery

54
Q

example of intra-abdominal disease of the mesenteric border

A

diverticulosis

55
Q

example of intra-abdominal disease of the anti-mesenteric border

A

meckel’s diverticulum

56
Q

3 distinguishing features of the colon

A

omental appendices - small fatty projections
teniae coli - 3 longitudinal smooth muscle bands
haustra

57
Q

where is the appendix usually located

A

mcburneys point

retro-colic or retro-caecal (60-75%)

58
Q

anal canal is developed from 2 sources:

A

endodermal cloaca of the hindgut upper (2/3)

extodermal cloaca lower (1/3)

59
Q

what is the pectinate

A

the line that divides the upper two thirds and lower third of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction.

60
Q

which nerves carry sympathetic ad visceral afferent fibres to and from the GIT

A

splanchnic

61
Q

which nerve carries parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibres to and from the GIT

A

vagus nerve

Anatomical Sciences (6 decks)

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