GI tract Flashcards
What are the symptoms of indigestion (dyspepsia)?
- Discomfort of pain in the stomach
- Bloating; Burping; Nausea
- Heartburn
What are the ain causes of dyspepsia/indigestion?
- Over eating; spicy foods, smoking, alcohol
- pregnancy
- ulcers
- anxiety/ stress
What are the symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder?
- Heartburn - pain in the middle of the chest
- Sour mouth - contents of stomach coming back up
What are the main causes of gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder?
- Over eating; spicy foods, smoking, alcohol
- Pregnancy
- Certain drugs
- Ulcers
- Anxiety/ stress
What are ulcers?
Areas where damage has occurred to the mucosal membrane of the oesophagus, stomach or duodenum
What are the symptoms of an ulcer?
- pain
- bleeding
What are the causes of an ulcer?
- Bacterial infection H. pylori
- NSAIDS
- Smoking
- Zollinger-ellison syndrome
- Anxiety/ stress
Which drugs are used for ulcers, GORD and indigestion?
- antacids
- antisecretory drugs & mucosal protectants:
- histamine H2 antagonist
- proton pump inhibitor
- chelates & complexes
- prostaglandin analogues
- Antibiotics ( for ulcers only !)
What are the actions of antacids?
- Act locally to neutralise acid in the stomach
- As pH now less acidic, this also decreases pepsin activity
What is the preparation of antacids?
- They can come as liquids or tablets
- They contain calcium, aluminium and magnesium salts
Examples are: Rennies, Maalox, Gaviscon
what are the 2 types of antacids?
- simeticone
- alginates
how do simeticone antacids work?
- alters surface tension of small bubbles of gas to allow formation of large bubbles which can then be got rid of
how do alginates antacids work?
– react with gastric juices to form a raft that floats on top and protects oesophagus from stomach contents
aluminium may cause ______
constipation
magnesium may cause ______
diarrhoea
take ___ hour after or before food
1
leave a ____ hour gap between other oral medication and antacids
2
can cause electrolyte imbalance so always monitor….
for calcium, phosphate, magnesium and aluminium levels
this position can help…
Sleep on left side or with head/shoulders propped up with pillows
H2 Receptor Antagonists examples are…
Cimetidine (Tagamet®); famotidine (Pepcid®); nizatidine (Axid®); ranitidine (Zantac®)
H2 Receptor Antagonist actions…
Block H2 receptors on parietal cells in stomach
Reduce acid production in the stomach
Proton pump inhibitors examples…
Lansoprazole (Zoton®), Esomeprazole (Nexium®) Omeprazole (Losec®), Pantoprazole (Protium®), Rabeprazole (Pariet®)
Proton pump inhibitor actions …
In acidic pH form two reactive molecules
Binds permanently to proton pump
Proton pump never pumps acid again!
Helicobactor Pylori Infection is …
- H. pylori is a gram negative bacteria that causes inflammation of the stomach lining
- Routine treatment of ulcers includes treatment for H. pylori
