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Normal Physiology/Pathology I > GI tract > Flashcards

GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

Somatostatin

A

secreted by D cells found in the duodenum and the pancreas (stimulated by bile acid secretion and decreased by the vagal nerve)

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2
Q

A major producer of somatostatin

A

Pancreas

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3
Q

Action of somatostatin

A

Controls acid/pepsinogen secretion through a negative feed back loop and inhibits the release of glucagon/insulin by the pancreas (also decreases gallbladder contraction)

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4
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars

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5
Q

Brush border enzymes

A

Assist in digestion and nutrient absorption

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6
Q

Pancreas secretes

A

Bicarbonate (to neutralize stomach acid)

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7
Q

Brush border activates

A

Pancreatic trypsin via enterokinase which activates the rest of the digestive enzymes

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8
Q

Digestion primarily occurs in the….

A

duodenum

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9
Q

Pancreatic lipase

A

Breaks down lipids

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10
Q

Gallbladder releases…

A

Bile that has been synthesized in the liver. Bile is useful in emulsifying fats.

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11
Q

Trypsin

A

activates chymotrypsin and other pancreatic enzymes

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12
Q

Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest

A

proteins into amino acids

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13
Q

Secretin

A

Released from S cells in the duodenum and is stimulated by fatty acid presence in the duodenum

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14
Q

Secretin stimulates

A

bicarbonate secretions from ductal cells in the pancreas (buffers chyme) and bile acid secretions from the liver (helps emulsify fats for digestion). Also decreases gastric acid secretion from the stomach to prevent an excess of acid.

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15
Q

Salivating amylase

A

breaks down carbs

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16
Q

Lingual lipase

A

breaks down fats (triglycerides)

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17
Q

Major site of alcohol absorption

A

Stomach

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18
Q

Folate absorption occurs in

A

both duodenum and proximal jujenum (primary site)

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19
Q

Bile reabsorption occurs in

A

terminal ileum

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20
Q

B12 (cobalamin) is absorbed in the

A

terminal ileum

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21
Q

Iron is primarily absorbed in the

A

duodenum

22
Q

Chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen (inactive)

23
Q

Pepsinogen is activated by

A

H+ ions in the stomach

24
Q

Pepsin

A

breaks down proteins into small polypeptide chains

25
Q

Gastrin

A

is secreted by G cells and stimulates stomach into mixing its contents and also stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl release (H+ ions)

26
Q

Parietal cells

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor which helps in Vitamin B12 absorption

27
Q

Mucous cells in the stomach

A

Release both mucous and bicarbonate to protect stomach lining

28
Q

Large lipids are transported to the liver through

A

the hepatic portal as chylomicrons

29
Q

Lacteals

A

transport chylomicrons through the lymphatic system

30
Q

Carbohydrates and .. are absorbed through

A

active transport in the duodenum

31
Q

The hepatic portal transports

A

nutrients to the liver for processing

32
Q

Most fats

A

bypass first-pass metabolism in the liver and go straight to circulation through the lymphatic system

33
Q

The colon is responsible for

A

electrolyte/water/bile reabsorption

34
Q

Na+/K+ are absorbed in

A

transverse colon

35
Q

I cells

A

release CCK in duodenum/jejunum which stimulates contraction of the gallbladder (release of bile)

36
Q

CCK

A

released by I cells in the presence of amino acids and fatty acids in the duodenum and stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder, induces relaxation of the sphincter of oddi, & decreases gastric acid emptying.

37
Q

chemical digestion that begins in the mouth involves

A

amylase (starch —> maltose) and lysozyme (antibacterial)

38
Q

salivary glands

A

parietal, submandibular, sublingual
made up of: serous/mucous cells
intercalated ducts: may secrete lysozyme
striated ducts: modify primary saliva with electrolytes

39
Q

saliva consist of

A

99.5% water, 0.5% electrolytes/proteins

40
Q

serous cells

A

contain zymogen granules that contain amylase and lysozyme (enzymes that are present at all times) which is secreted through exocytosis

41
Q

Initial salivary secretion are

A

isotonic with plasma

42
Q

Final salivary secretion is

A

hypotonic with plasma (NaCl is only 1/7th of plasma)

43
Q

Chief cells

A

are stimulated to secrete ACh and gastrin to produce pepsinogen for protein digestion

44
Q

Parietal cells

A

are stimulated to secrete ACh and gastrin to produce HCl and intrinsic factor

45
Q

Enterochromaffin cells (ECF)

A

stimulated by ACh and gastrin to release histamine which in turn stimulate parietal cells

46
Q

Cephalic phase

A

seeing, smelling, tasting, chewing, swallowing stimuli

47
Q

Pancreatic juice is

A 
isotonic with extracellular fluid: 
NaCl @ low rates
NaCl & HCO3- @ high rates 
K+ present at all rates
Na & K concentrations are approx to plasma
48
Q

Bile salts are synthesized from

A

cholesterol in the liver by Cyp7A1

49
Q

cholangiocytes secrete

A

bicarb rich fluid under the regulation of secretin

50
Q

Secretin targets the CFTR

A

regulates the Cl-/HCO3 exchanger to work

Normal Physiology/Pathology I (2 decks)

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