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Normal Physiology/Pathology I > GI disorders > Flashcards

GI disorders Flashcards

1
Q

GERD

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease - Long-term condition where acid from the stomach comes up into the esophagus – due to weakening or inappropriate opening of the sphincter between stomach and esophagus

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2
Q

Chronic GERD?

A

> 2x a week

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3
Q

GERD symptoms

A

Bad breath
Nausea
Pain in your chest or the upper part of your abdomen
Problems swallowing or painful swallowing
Respiratory problems
Vomiting
Wearing away of your teeth

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4
Q

GERD diagnosing

A

Reviewing of symptoms/medical history
GI endoscopy/biopsy
Upper GI series: drink Barium to line GI tract
Esophageal pH (pill or attached surgically)

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5
Q

Factors that affect GERD

A

Obesity
Smoking
Certain medicines: asthma, Ca2+ channel blockers, antihistamines, painkillers, sedatives, antidepressants

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6
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Opening in your diaphragm lets the upper part of the stomach move up into your chest, which lowers the pressure in the esophageal sphincter.

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7
Q

GERD treatment

A

Loose weight
Loose fitting clothing
Stay upright 3hrs after a meal
Sleep on a slight angle (head 6-8in higher than body)

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8
Q

GERD treatment

A

Antacids, H2 blockers, Proton-pump inhibitors, prokinetics, antibiotics, surgery (fundoplication) to sew the top of the stomach around the esophagus which adds pressure to the lower end of the esophagus

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9
Q

Antacids

A

Neutralize acid in the esophagus by raising the pH

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10
Q

H2 blockers

A

Acts by preventing the effects of histamine on parietal cells to produce acid

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11
Q

Proton pump inhibitors

A

Act to reduce acid production in stomach

Long term use – increase risk of hip, wrist or spinal fractures

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12
Q

Prokinetics

A

Help empty stomach faster (side effects: nausea, diarrhea, depression, anxiety)

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13
Q

Barret’s Esophagus

A

Potentially serious complication of GERD where tissue lining the esophagus thickens and becomes red.
Is thought to be a major risk factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma.

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14
Q

PUD

A

Peptic ulcer disease - Ulcers develop in the lining of the stomach (Gastric ulcers), or duodenum (duodenal ulcers)

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15
Q

Symptoms of PUD

A 
Stomach pain 
Feeling of fullness
Bloating
Intolerance to fatty food
Heartburn
Nausea
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16
Q

PUD Causes

A

Helicobacter pylori infection

Long-term NSAID usage

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17
Q

PUD diagnosis

A

Lab test for H. pylori (blood, stool or breath)
Upper GI endoscopy and biopsy
An upper GI series: drink Barium to line the GI tract, and X-ray

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18
Q

PUD treatment

A

Antibiotic to kill H. pylori

PPI, H2 blockers or antacids (help allow lining to heal)

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19
Q

Diarrhea

A

Defined as abnormally loose stool accompanied by change in frequency or volume

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20
Q

Diarrhea causes

A 
Virus
Food poisoning
Food contamination
Medications
Lactose intolerance
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21
Q

Diarrhea leads to…

A

Acidosis (pH >7) and Acid-Base and electrolyte abnormalities

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22
Q

Constipation

A

Infrequent defecation
Hardened or reduced caliber of stool
Sensation of incomplete evacuation or need to strain with stools
Three bowel movements or less per week

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23
Q

Constipation complications

A 
Abdominal discomfort
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Excessive straining
Hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and rectal prolapse
Intestinal obstruction
Colonic ulceration
Overflow incontinence with stool leakage
24
Q

What is Celiac disease?

A

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy where one has an immune reaction to gluten which is a protein found in barley, wheat and rye (Precise cause is unknown)

25
Q

What does Celiac disease cause

A

flattening of the villi lining the small intestine

26
Q

Celiac disease symptoms

A 
Diarrhea
Fatigue
Weight loss
Bloating and gas
Abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Constipation
27
Q

Celiac disease risk factors

A 
A family member with celiac disease
Type 1 diabetes
Down syndrome or Turner syndrome
Autoimmune thyroid disease
Microscopic colitis (lymphocytic or collagenous colitis)
Addison's disease
28
Q

Diagnosing Celiac disease

A 
Blood test (looks for specific antibodies) 
Genetic testing (human leukocyte antigen detection can rule out the disease 
Endoscopy (looks at the lining of the small intestine)
29
Q

Celiac disease treatments

A

No effective treatment for celiac disease, only management with gluten-free diet

30
Q

Celiac disease can cause

A 
Malnutrition 
Bone weakening
Infertility/Miscarriage
Lactose intolerance
Cancer
Nervous system problems
31
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease

A

(AKA Chron’s disease & Ulcerative Colitis) characterized by chronic inflammation of the GI tract

32
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

typically begins in the rectum and extends continuously to involve the entire colon (only involves the inner layer)

33
Q

Chron’s disease

A

involves the end of the small intestine and ginning of the colon (may affect part of the GI tract in a patchy pattern). Affects all layers of the bowel wall.

34
Q

Symptoms of IBD

A 
Diarrhea
Fever and fatigue
Abdominal pain and cramping
Blood in your stool
Reduced appetite
Unintended weight loss
35
Q

IBD risk factors

A 
Race/ethnicity 
Family history
Cigarette smoking 
NSAID's
Where you live (northern climates and diet)
36
Q

diagnosing IBD

A

done through exclusion:
Blood test - for anemia
Fecal occult blood test - test for blood in stool
Colonoscopy/endoscopy
Xray/CT/MRI - used to detect complications of IBD

37
Q

IBD complications (in both ulcerative colitis & Chron’s disease)

A 
Colon cancer 
Skin, eye, joint complications 
Medication side effects 
Primary sclerosing cholangitis 
Blood clots
38
Q

Chron’s disease complications

A 
Bowel obstructions
Malnutrition 
Ulcers 
Fistulas 
Anal fissure
39
Q

Ulcerative colitis complications

A

Toxic megacolon
A hole in the colon (perforation)
Severe dehydration (due to excessive diarrhea)

40
Q

IBD treatment

A 
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Immune system suppressors
Antibiotics
Supplements (iron, calcium, VitD)
Nutritional support
Surgery (to remove affected areas)
41
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas that occurs when digestive enzymes start to digest the pancreas itself (acute/chronic)

42
Q

Causes of Pancreatitis

A

Many causes including gallstones (block the pancreatic duct) and chronic heavy alcohol use (acinar cells metabolize alcohol to toxic byproduct)

43
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A 
Upper abdominal pain
Abdominal pain that radiates to your back
Abdominal pain that feels worse after eating
Fever
Rapid pulse
Nausea
Vomiting
Tenderness when touching the abdomen
44
Q

Chronic pancreatitis

A

Upper abdominal pain
Losing weight without trying
Oily, smelly stools (steatorrhea)

45
Q

Diagnosing pancreatitis

A 
Blood tests (looking for elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes, pancreatic amylase, and pancreatic lipase)
Stool tests (to measure fat levels) 
CT, ultrasound, endoscopy or MRI (purpose is to look for gallstones and inflammations)
46
Q

Pancreatitis treatment

A

Fasting, pain meds, IV fluids
Once under control the aim is to remove obstruction/affected tissue from pancreas through surgery
If chronic pancreatic enzymes are used for management

47
Q

Pancreatic enzyme insufficiency (PEI)

A

Reduction in pancreatic enzyme activity in the intestinal lumen

48
Q

PEI treatment

A

PERT – pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy

49
Q

hepatocyte damage

A

Increases in aspartate or alanine aminotransferase (AST or ALT respectively)

50
Q

cholangiocyte damage/cholestasis

A

Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) or bilirubin

51
Q

R factor

A

> 5 suggests hepatocellular pattern of liver injury
2-5 mixed pattern of liver injury
<2 suggests cholestatic liver injury

52
Q

Cholestatic liver diseases

A

Due to impaired secretion by hepatocytes or to obstruction of bile flow through intra or extrahepatic bile ducts (decrease in bile flow)

53
Q

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

Scaring of the bile ducts that may eventually lead to liver failure or tumors in the bile duct (only treatment in liver transplant)

54
Q

Primary biliary cholangitis

A

Autoimmune disease causing progressive destruction of the small bile ducts
Affects mainly women
Transplant is the only treatment

55
Q

Jaundice

A

due to cholestatic liver disease and is apparent through the yellowing of the skin, sclera and mucous of the membrane (due to excess of bilirubin - breakdown product of red blood cells that are filtered through the liver)

56
Q

Consequences of cholestatic liver disease

A

Fibrosis: deposition of an extracellular matrix containing collagen – leading to stiffening and scarring of the liver.
Cirrhosis: severe bridging fibrosis that significantly impacts liver function

Normal Physiology/Pathology I (2 decks)

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