GI Tests Flashcards
Where are the inferior gastric vessels located with respect to the deep inguinal ring?
Medial to the deep inguinal ring
What is the Ampulla of Vater?
The ampulla of Vater is located where your bile duct and pancreatic duct join and empty into the duodenum.
What are Meckel’s diverticulum?
Meckel’s diverticulum is an outpouching or bulge in the lower part of the small intestine. The bulge is congenital (present at birth) and is a leftover of the umbilical cord. Meckel’s diverticulum is the most common congenital defect of the gastrointestinal tract.
What are Pilicae circulares?
The inner wall of the small intestine is covered by numerous folds of mucous membrane called plicae circulares. The surface of these folds contains tiny projections called villi and microvilli, which further increase the total area for absorption. Absorbed nutrients are moved into circulation by blood capillaries and lacteals, or lymph channels. They are found in the SI except in the duodenum.
What are rugae?
The gastric folds (or gastric rugae) are coiled sections of tissue that exist in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach.
What are Taeniae?
The taeniae coli are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. They are visible and can be seen just below the serosa or fibrosa.
What are the symptoms of a peptic ulcer?
Symptoms of peptic ulcer inlude epigastric pain (in the upper abdomen) and heartburn, together with acid regurgitation. If bleeding is occuring, lethargy, vomiting blood (haematemesis) and black tarry faeces (melaena) may be reported, as well as shortness of breath or fainting caused by resultant anaemia.
Clinical signs would include epigastric tenderness, & signs of circulatory collapse (low blood pressure, rapid pulse).
Low haemoglobin would suggest anaemia caused by bleeding. High blood urea results from the rapid digestion and metabolism of proteins from blood (urea is synthesised in the liver during amino acid breakdown).
What type of bacteria is H. pylori?
H. pylori is a gram negative spiral bacterium.
During development, in which direction does the midgut tube rotate upon retry to the abdominal cavity?
The midgut rotates 180 degrees anti-clockwise during its return to the abdominal cavity in week 10.
What is bilious vomiting a sign of? Therefore what is projectile vomiting a sign of?
Bilious vominting is a sign of midgut volvulus.
A volvulus is when a loop of intestine twists around itself and the mesentery that supports it, resulting in a bowel obstruction
Projectile vomiting is a sign of pyloric stenosis.
Complete the sentence:
The smooth muscle and connective tissue of the gut tube is derived from …
Lateral plate mesoderm
How does saliva production occur?
Saliva is produced as a two-stage process: the primary secretion in the acini is similar to plasma in concentration and content, with the added enzymes etc depending on the gland that is active. This primary fluid is modified as it passes through the ducts, which reabsorb salt, and secrete bicarbonate. Thus the final saliva tends to be hypotonic and alkaline.
Unlike most processes controlled by the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic responses are not antagonistic - both increase salivary output, though the quantity and characteristics of saliva are different. Parasympathetic stimulation produces large amounts of watery, enzyme-rich saliva, whereas sympathetic stimulation produces a smaller volume of thicker, mucus-rich saliva.
How does transport across to the SI occur transcellularly?
Active transport only occurs via the transcellular route, because it requires the presence of membrane proteins which are capable of hydrolysing ATP to ADP to drive active transport. There is often one passive step and one active step involved in transcellular uptake (i.e.secondary active transport).
How does secondary active transport occur?
Most secondary active transporters are powered by a gradient for either sodium or hydrogen ions.
How does paracellular transport occur?
Paracellular transport refers to the transfer of substances across an epithelium by passing through the intercellular space between the cells; it is passive down a concentration gradient.
