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QMA > GI System > Flashcards

GI System Flashcards

1
Q

Cecum:

A
  • Blind pouch which from the first part of the large intestines
  • Located below the entrance of the ileum
  • Repository for bacteria and other organisms to digest cellulose
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2
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Severe disease of the liver usually associated with alcohol abuse, nutritional deficiency, poisoning or previous infection. Scar tissue replaces normal liver tissue.

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3
Q

Constipation

A

Hard, dry stool usually occurring infrequently; may be caused by inactivity, poor diet, medication

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4
Q

Diarrhea

A

Frequent, loose bowl movements

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5
Q

Duodenum

A
  • Food enters from the stomach

- Secretes enzymes, along with the pancreas, to emulsify the bile and lower the PH of the stomach content

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6
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Indigestion, often caused by change in the amount of gastric secretions

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7
Q

Fecal Impaction

A

The formation of a firm mass of feces in the distal colon or rectum. QMAs not permitted to check residents for this.

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8
Q

GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)

A

Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus

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9
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver

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10
Q

Ileum

A

-Raw digestive material enters from the jejunum

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11
Q

Jejunum

A
  • Food enters from the duodenum

- Products of digestion absorbed into bloodstream through venous and capillary system

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12
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that lives within, upon or at the expense of another organism. Intestinal ones are found in the intestinal tract

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13
Q

Pyorrhea

A

Inflammation of the gum and tooth sockets leading to loosening of the teeth

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14
Q

Ulcer

A

Repeated irritation causes a sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

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15
Q

Stomach

A
  • “C” shaped organ
  • Holds and mixes food with digestive juices
  • Excretes enzymes, hydrochloric acid and other juices for digestion
  • Peristaltic action churns and mixes food with gastric juices, breaking it down for absorption
  • Food stays for approx. 3-5 hrs
  • Empties into duodenum
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16
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • Includes duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • Approx. 1.5 inches indiameter and 20 ft long
  • Contents reach large intestine approx. 3 hrs after stomach is emptied
  • Unabsorbed food moves into large intestine by peristaltic action
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17
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • Approx. 1.5 inches in diameter and 5 ft long
  • Moves food by peristaltic action towards the anus
  • Water is absorbed from unused food
  • Contents are stored until elimination from body through rectum as feces
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18
Q

Rectum

A

End portion of large intestine

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19
Q

Anus

A

Opening at the end of digestive tract for expelling feces

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20
Q

Accessory Organs of GI system

A

Teeth, tongue, Salivary glands, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder

21
Q

Antacids (Action and Use)

A

Action: Neutralizes stomach acid; decreases the rate of gastric emptying; treats hyperacidity

Use: Peptic ulcer, used to treat heartburn, reflux esophagitis, gastritis, hiatal hernia

22
Q

Antacids (Nursing Considerations)

A
  • May interfere with medication absorption thus should not be given simultaneously with other medications- wait 1-2 hours
  • Effect is prolonged when med is taken with food
  • Chart amount and consistency of stools
  • Antiflatulance tabs must be chewed throroughly
23
Q

TUMS

A

ANTACID:

calcium salts

May cause constipation

24
Q

Amphojel, Rolaids

A

ANTACID:

aluminum salts

Constipation common

25
Q

Milk of Magnesia

Alternagel

A

ANTACID:

Magnesium Salts

Usually causes diarrhea

26
Q

Maalox
Mylanta
Gelusil
Riopan

A

ANTACID:

Combination of magnesium and aluminum

Used to balance out the constipating laxative effect

27
Q

simethecone (Mylicon)

A

ANTACID:

Antiflatulance agent that decreases gas formation and is often added to antacids or taken as a preventative

28
Q

Anti-Ulcers (Action, Side Effects)

A

Action: Prevents the release of gastric acid to treat or prevent stomach and duodenal ulcers

Side Effects: Minor. High doses can cause confusion

29
Q

Anti- Ulcers (Examples of Meds)

A 
famotidine (Pepcid)
nizatidine (Axid)
ranitidine (Zantac)
cimetidine (Tagamet)
misoprostol (Cytotec)
pantoprazole sodium (Protonix)
30
Q

Anti-Ulcers: (Other meds given before meals)

A

omeprazole (Prilosec)
sucralfate (Carafate)
lansoprazole (Prevacid)
esomerprazole magnesium (Nexium)- adheres to the ulcerated area

31
Q

Anti-Ulcers: (Nursing Consideration)

A
  • Dissolve Caragate tablet in water
  • Encourage resident not to smoke (increases gastric acid secretion)
  • Encourage resident to avoid: spicy food, caffeine, nicotine, alcohol and carbonated beverages
32
Q

Antiemetics (Action, Use, Side Effects)

A

Action: Suppress nausea and vomiting by acting on the brain control center

Use: To treat nausea and to treat and prevent vomiting

Side Effects: Drowsiness

33
Q

Antiemetics (Example meds)

A 
dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
trimethobenzamide (Tigan)
meclizine (Antivert)
prochlorperazine (Compazine)
promethazine hydrochloride (Phenergan)
34
Q

Antiemetics (Nursing Considerations)

A

Monitor blood pressure for hypotension

35
Q

Emetics (Action, Use, Nursing Considerations)

Example: Syrup of Ipecac

A

Action: Induce vomiting by acting on the brains control center

Use: Used when poison has been ingested

Nursing Considerations:

  • Do not use when corrosive product ingested, such as acids or alkalies, or and/or if resident is drowsy or unconscious. The licensed nurse should contact the physician and/or poison control center before administering
  • Usually induces vomiting 20-30 min after administration
36
Q

Antidiarrheals

A

Medications that relieve diarrhea

Includes:

  • Adsorbents
  • Opiates
  • Meds that alter motility
37
Q

Adsorbents

Examples:

  • kaolin
  • bismuth (Pepto-Bismol)
  • pectin (from apples)
  • kaolin and pectin (Kaopectate)
A

Action: Adsorb (Soak up) excess fluids and bacteria

Used: to treat diarrhea

Side Effects: Minimal constipation, nausea, dry mouth and abdominal pain

Nursing Considerations: Monitor for constipation

38
Q

Opiates

Example: opiates (Paregoric)

A

Medications that slow down intestinal motility

Action: Reduce peristalsis by action on central nervous system and diminishes secretions

Use: to treat diarrhea

Side Effects: drowsiness, may be addicting

39
Q

Gastrointestinal meds that alter motility

Examples:
-atropine sulfate; diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil); Atropine; scopolamine; phenobarbital (Donnatal); kaolin; pectin; loperamide (Imodium); dicycomine (Bentyl)

A

Action:
-Acts on autonomic nervous system to alter peristalsis
Use:
-Spastic colon; diarrhea; GERD
Side Effects:
-Varied and many because of the effect on entire ANS
-Blurred vision; dry mouth; heart palpitations; urine retention; constipation
Nursing Considerations:
-Monitor vital signs and urinary output

40
Q

metoclopramide (Reglan)

A

Enhances intestinal motility

Give before meals rather than with food

41
Q

Cathartics

A

Laxatives

Categories:

  • Laxatives which stimulate intestinal peristalsis
  • Saline laxatives
  • Lubricant laxatives
  • Laxatives that moisten feces
  • Bulk laxatives
  • Lactulose
  • Enemas
42
Q

Castor oil
senna (Senokot)
bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
phenlphthalein (Ex-Lax, Doxidan)

A
  • Laxatives which stimulate intestinal peristalsis
  • Usually act in 6-8 hrs with PO form; Supp work faster
  • Side Effects: abdominal cramping; nausea, diarrhea
  • Nursing: Monitor for diarrhea
43
Q

Milk of Magnesia

A

Saline Laxative

  • Pulls fluid into the large intestine
  • Acts within 8 hrs
  • Side Effect: diarrhea, cramping
  • Nursing: Monitor for good fluid intake following administration; Shake suspension well
44
Q

Mineral oil
Haley’s MO
gucerin suppository

A

Lubricant Laxative
Action: increases water retention in stool thereby stimulating evacuation
Side effects: interferes with absorbing nutrients; abdominal cramping; not for long term
Nursing considerations:
-May interfere with absorption of vitamins
-Administer mineral oil on empty stomach; works within 2-6 hrs; can give with fruit juice
-Glycerin- should be retained for at least 15 min for best results

45
Q 
ducusate calcium (Surfak)
docusate sodium (Colace)
calcium polycarbophil (Fiber Con)
A

Laxatives that moisten fecal matter
Action: Stool softener, used to promote regular bowel evacuations
Side Effects: Mild abdominal cramping; may cause diarrhea
Nursing Considerations:
-May take 1-3 days to soften stools
-If resident has a routine order for a laxative, stool softener or lubricant and is experiencing diarrhea, consult the nurse as to whether the med should be given

46
Q

psyllium (Metamucil)

methylcellulose (Citrucel)

A

Bulk laxatives
Action:
-Absorbs water and expands to increase bulk and moisture content of stool
-Acts within 12 hrs to 3 days
-Most natural, non-irritating method of relieving constipation
Side Effects:
-Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea with excessive use,
-esophageal, gastric, small intestine and rectal obstruction when med is taken in dry form
Nursing:
-Must be administered with at least 8 oz of liquid
-Encourage an additional glass of fluid
-Use sugar free formula for diabetes

47
Q

Lactulose (Chronulac, Enulose)

A

Action: pulls fluid into the intestine, resulting in distention that promotes peristalsis. Used as a laxative and also in pts with liver disease
Side Effects: abdominal cramping, diarrhea and flatulence
Nursing:
-may dilute with water or fruit juice or give with food to minimize sweet taste
-store at room temperature

48
Q 
Enemas 
sodium phosphates (Fleets Enema)
A

-A prepackaged disposable enema used to clean the bowel in preparation for tests
-Solution is hypertonic- draw fluid to the bowl
-Only enema a QMA can administer
Side Effects:
-abdominal cramping
Nursing Considerations:
-Cannot be administered on a resident who is dehydrated
-If resident has large hemorrhoids or anal excoriation, notify nurse so that he/she may assess resident before enema is administered

49
Q

Fleets Enema administration technique

A
  • Place resident in left Sim’s side lying position
  • Insert the pre-lubricated tip of the enema into the resident’s rectum and install the solution at a slow steady rate
  • Instruct the resident to hold the solution as long as possible for the best results

QMA (2 decks)

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