GI system Flashcards
enzyme that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars
amylase
where is amylase commonly found
in saliva and pancreatic fluids
high pitched bowel sounds that are above an obstruction
borborygymus
audible swishing sound from blood volume changes
bruit
endoscopic examination of entire large bowel
colonoscopy
epigastric burning sensation
dyspepsia
procedure where bile ducts, pancreatic ducts and gallbladder are seen through endoscopy
(ERCP) endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
visualization of small intestine
enteroscopy
narrowing of esophageal opening
esophageal stricture
visual exam of esophagus, stomach and duodenum with fiberoptic endoscope
EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy)
gas in lower gastrointestinal tract
flatulence
diagnostic test that measures presence of blood in stool from gastrointestinal bleeding
gFOBT (guaiac-based fecal occilt blood test)
blood in stool is a common finding associated with
colorectal cancer
enzyme secreted by pancreas that facilitates breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids
lipase
The ‘P’ in PQRST scale stands for
Palliative or precipitating
endoscopic exam of rectum and sigmoid colon using flexible scope
sigmoidoscopy
fatty stools are called
steatorrhea
3D images of colon and rectum created by abdominal and pelvic scans
virtual colonoscopy
the GI tract consists of
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small/large intestines
rectum
the GI system is formed when
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas secrete substances into this tract
4 layers of GI tract inner wall( lumen)
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
the innermost layer of the GI tract lumen is the
mucosa
the mucosa is surrounded by
the submucosa
the submucosa is surrounded by
the muscularis
which layer of the GI tract lumen keeps contents moving
the muscularis
the outermost layer of the GI tract lumen is
the serosa
functions of the GI tract
secretion
digestion
absorption
motility
elimination
what does the stomach secrete during digestion
hydrochloric acid
what does the liver secrete during digestion
bile
what accessory organs release to aid in digestion
digestive enzymes
how many teeth do adults have `
32
how many teeth are in the upper and lower arches
16 each
what in saliva breaks down carbs
amylase
primary function of esophagus
move food/fluids from pharynx to stomach
the upper esophageal sphincter prevents what
air from getting into esophagus during respiration
the lower esophageal sphincter prevents
reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus
a non working lower esophageal sphincter can cause
GERD
where is the stomach located
the midline and left upper quadrant of the abdomen
3 functional regions of the abdomen
fundus
body
antrum
narrow portion of the stomach below the gastresophageal junction
cardia
area nearest to the cardia
fundus
main area of the stomach
body/corpus
distal lower portion of the stomach
antrum (pylorus)b
the antrum/pylorus is separated from the duodenum by the
pyloric sphincter
the top end of the stomach is guarded by what sphincter
cardiac sphincter
substance that aids in absorption of vitamin B12
intrinsic factor
absence of what causes pernicious anemia
intrinsic factor
3 portions of the pancreas
head
body
tail
pancreatic cells that secrete enzymes needed for digestion of carbs, fats and proteins
exocrine cells
2 major cell bodies in the pancreas
exocrine
endocrine
exocrine proteins
amylase
lipase
proteases
the endocrine cells of the pancreas produce
glucagon
insalin
which type of endocrine cells produce glucagon
alpha cells
which type of endocrine cells produce insulin
beta cells
largest organ in the body besides the skin
liver
where is the liver located
right upper quadrant of abdomen
what transports bile from the liver
right and left hepatic ducts
where does the liver receive its blood supply
hepatic artery and portal vein
3 categories of liver function
storage
protection
metabolism
mineral and vitamins stored in the liver
vitamins A,D,E,K
iron
magnesium
vitamin B12
water soluble vitamin stored in the liver
vitamin B12
fat soluble vitamins stored in the liver
vitamins A,D,E,K
what does the liver do to harmful compound (e.g drugs, chemicals, alcohol)
detoxifies
what does the liver do to amino acids
breaks them down to remove ammonia
what happens to the ammonia after its broken down by the liver
converted to urea and excreted via the kidneys as urine
what plasma proteins does the liver synthesize
albumin
prothrombin
fibrinogen
liver role in carbohydrate metabolism
storing and releasing glycogen as bodys energy requirements change
what does the liver do to fatty acids and triglycerides
breaks down and temporarily stores them
what does the liver form and secrete which is essential for fat breakdown
bile
the secretion of bile increases in response to
gastrin
secretin
cholecystokinin
where does bile go for storage if the sphincter is closed
the gallbladder
longest and most complex part of digestive tract
small intestine
longest and most complex part of digestive tract
small intestine
3 regions of small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
3 functions of the small intestine
movement
digestion
absorption
4 regions of the colon
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
where does the sigmoid colon empty into
the rectum
functions of the large intestine
movement
absorption
elimination
who is at higher risk for inflammatory bowel disease
young adults
who is at risk for colon cancer
young patients with obesity
Which daily behavior of a client with GI problems requires further nursing assessment? Select all that apply.
A. Smokes a pack of cigare es
B. Uses Fleet enemas frequently to assist with bowel movements C. Practices intentional relaxation
D. Eats multiple servings of fruits
E. Takes 325 mg of aspirin at night for arthritic pain
F. Exercises for 30 minutes three times weekly
G. Travels extensively across the world
A. Smokes a pack of cigarees
B. Uses Fleet enemas frequently to assist with bowel movements
E. Takes 325 mg of aspirin at night for arthritic pain
G. Travels extensively across the world
which group of people are more likely to be lactose intolerant
non-white americans
asian
south american
epigastric burning sensation is also called
dyspepsia/heartburn
signs of liver and biliary system obstruction
skin discoloration
itching
jaundice
increased brusing/easy bleeding
body structures in RUQ of abdomen
gallbladder
duodenum
pancreas head
bendy liver part of colon
most of liver
part of ascending & transverse colon
body structures in LUQ of abdomen
stomach
spleen
body & tail of pancreas
spleen bendy part of colon
part of traverse & descending colon
body structures in midline of abdomen
abdominal aorta
uterus (if enlarged)
bladder (if distended)
body structures in RLQ
cecum
appendix
right ureter
right ovary and fallopian tube
right spermatic cord
body structures in LLQ
part of descending colon
sigmoid colon
left ureter
left ovary and fallopian tube
left spermatic cord
normal frequency rnade of bowel sounds
5-30 per minute
normal bowel sounds are
high pitched with irregular gurgles
3 characterizations of bowel sounds
normal
hypoactive
hyperactive
what happens to bowel sounds after abdominal surgery
diminished or absent
bowel sounds if pt has peritonitis
diminished or absent
bowel sounds if pt has paralytic ileus
diminished or absent
how to assess for return of peristalsis after abdominal surgery
ask pt if they passed gas in the past 8 hrs or stool in the past 12-24 hrs
borborgymus is heard in patients with
diarrhea
gastroenteritis
complete intestinal obstruction
where do you start abdominal auscultation
RLQ in area of ileocecal valve
a bruit sound over the abdominal aorta can mean
abdominal aortic aneurysm
high pitched, musical sound of air filled intestine during percussion is called
tympanic
medium pitched, soft, thud like sound over solid organ during percussion is called
dull
dullness heard in left anterior axillary line indicates
splenomegaly
While performing an abdominal assessment on a client, the nurse notes a bruit over the aorta. What is the appropriate nursing action?
A. Consult another nurse to verify the bruit.
B. Auscultate each quadrant for 5 minutes each.
C. Notify the health care provider of the findings.
D. Perform light palpation to further assess the pulsation.
C. Notify the health care provider of the findings.
most frequent cause of anemia
GI bleeding
what is measured in GI tract to detect malabsorption
calcium
