GI: Small Intestine Flashcards
What is Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome? What breeds has it been identified in?
Selective cobalamin malabsorption, likely due to a mutation in the cubilin receptor. Aussies, Beagles, Collies, and Giant Schnauzers
Name 4 clinical signs of Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome
Inappetence, diarrhea, failure to thrive, liver degeneration and hepatoencephalopathy, neutropenia, anemia, and proteinuria
What is found in the urine of dogs with Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome?
Methylmalonic aciduria
Why does large bowel diarrhea often accompany small bowel diarrhea, even if only the small intestine is diseased?
Malabsorption results in small bowel, osmotic diarrhea. However, bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed solutes creates products (hydroxylated fatty acids, unconjugated bile acids) that cause colonic secretion as well
What does permeability diarrhea result from?
Inflammation or neoplastic infiltrates causing exudation
Name 5 causes of secretory diarrhea
Bacterial endotoxins (C. perfringens, E. coli, etc), hydroxylated fatty acids or unconjugated bile acids from bacterial fermentation, Giardia, stimulant laxatives (castor oil), inflammation
What test can be used to diagnose PLE if hypoalbuminemia is absent?
Fecal alpha-1 protease inhibitor
What breed develops both PLE and PLN?
Soft Coated Wheaten terriers
What is fecal calprotectin and what does it correlate to?
Molecule released with neutrophil elastase activity. Correlates with histologic inflammation in canine IBD, but not necessarily with clinical signs
Campylobacter species have been isolated from what percent of healthy dogs?
100% - likely a commensal. May cause disease in immunocompromised patients or with co-infections
When Campylobacter causes disease, describe its pathogenicity
Invades intestinal epithelial cells, resulting in ulcerative enterocolitis
What do Campylobacter species look like on a fecal smear? How do you definitively diagnose them?
Slender, seagull shaped bacteria
PCR
When should Campylobacter infections be treated?
If the owner is immunocompromised (low zoonotic risk) or with severe clinical signs
How is Campylobacter treated?
Erythromycin, tylosin, or clindamycin
Name 4 outcomes after infection with Salmonella
- Transient subclinical infection
- Acute gastroenteritis
- Bacteremia and endotoxemia
- Carrier state
What is the receptor for Salmonella invasion, leading to GI translocation?
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein
A seasonal, acute, febrile illness and diarrhea in cats, known as “songbird fever” is caused by what organism?
Salmonella typhimurium - carried by migrating songbirds in the Mediterranean
Why is antibiotic treatment not recommended in asymptomatic animals or patients with mild diarrhea caused by Salmonella?
Antibiotics can induce a carrier state
If needed, what antibiotic should be used to treat Salmonella?
Fluoroquinolones for at least 10 days - less likely to cause a carrier state
A granulomatous enterocolitis with mesenteric lymphadenopathy in 5 Bassett Hounds was associated with what pathogen?
Mycobacterium avium
What fluke carries Neorickettsia organisms?
Nanophyetus salmonicola
What clinical signs are caused by Neorickettsia and when do they occur?
One week after ingesting salmon and the fluke - high fever, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, vomiting, oculonasal discharge, peripheral lymphadenopathy
How is Neorickettsia diagnosed?
Operculated fluke eggs in the feces are suggestive. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in macrophages from LN aspirates
How is Neorickettsia treated? How is the fluke treated
Oxytetracycline for at least 5 days
Fluke: praziquantal