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GI Revision Concise Cards > GI Revision Week 5 > Flashcards

GI Revision Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is atresia?

A

Congenital absence or abnormal closure of a body cavity

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of GI atresia?

A
  • oesophageal atresia
  • intestinal atresia
  • biliary atresia
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3
Q

What are signs and symptoms of oesophageal atresia?

A
  • visible in ultrasound scan due to increase in amniotic fluid
  • swallowing or breathing difficulties when baby is born
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4
Q

What are signs and symptoms of intestinal atresia?

A
  • signs of obstruction
  • green (bile vomit)
  • swollen abdomen
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5
Q

What is a sign of biliary atresia?

A

-jaundice

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6
Q

What is meconium?

A

Newborns first stool

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7
Q

What is meconium ileus?

A

Obstruction due to meconium that is too sticky to pass (usually due to CF)

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8
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

When intestinal loop does not return to the abdomen during development. It herniates out into the umbilical cord and is contained within the peritoneal layer of the umbilical cord

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9
Q

What is gastroschisis?

A

Hole in abdominal wall through which the abdominal contents protrude out of

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10
Q

What is notable difference between omphalocele and gastroschisis?

A

Gastroschisis abdominal contents not covered in peritoneal layer

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11
Q

What is intestinal malrotation?

A

Congenital deformity where intestines aren’t anchored and so are twisted in the gut incorrectly

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12
Q

What is a volvulus?

A

When a loop of intestine is wrapped around its own mesentery

-is a complication of intestinal malrotation or anyone

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13
Q

What are Ladd’s bands?

A

Abnormal extra tissue that normally dies off but can persist and can cause obstructions in small intestine

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14
Q

What are risk factors of volvulus?

A
  • previous surfery

- congenital intestinal abnormalities

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15
Q

How does intestinal malrotation present?

A
  • obstruction symptoms:
  • bile vomiting green
  • abdominal pain +/- leg drawing
  • abdominal distension
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16
Q

How can abdominal pain present in infants?

A

Leg drawing -> pulling legs up because they don’t have the same ability to tense their abdomen like adults to protect

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17
Q

What are tests for intestinal malrotation/volvulus?

A

…..

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18
Q

Why appendectomy in intestinal malrotation surgery?

A

Raised risk of getting appendicitis

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19
Q

Why sometimes open surgery good for intestinal malrtoation ?

A

Adhesions more likely in open surgery but that can be good to kind of glue the bowels to where you want them

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20
Q

What are symptoms of intussusception?

A
  • blood and mucus stool
  • vomiting and diarrhoea
  • lethargy
  • abdominal mass (sometimes)
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21
Q

What investigations are carried out for intussusception?

A
  • Mainly imaging: USS, x-ray, CT

- air/barium enema (gold standard)

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22
Q

What is management of intussusception?

A
  • Most cases fixed with enema

- Surgical release (pulling it or if not working then resection)

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23
Q

What is main complication of fixing intussusception?

A

Bowel rupture

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24
Q

What is anal fissure?

A

Small tear in the mucosa of the anus

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25
Q

What age group are more likely to get anal fissures?

A
  • young/old people

- traumatic: large/hard stools, recurrent straining, chronic diarrhoea, anal intercourse, childbirth

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26
Q

What are signs and symptoms of anal fissures?

A
  • pain during or after bowel movements
  • bright red blood on paper after wiping
  • visible crack in the skin or small lump/tag
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27
Q

What investigation for anal fissures?

A
  • good history

- rectal exam

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28
Q

When are anal fissures termed chronic?

A

When lasting longer than 8 weeks

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29
Q

What is conservative management for anal fissures?

A
  • topical nitroglycerin
  • topical anaesthetic (lidocaine)
  • botox injection
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30
Q

What is surgical treatment for anal fissures?

A

Lateral internal sphincterotomy:

small incision made into sphincter muscles to relax muscle to allow healing

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31
Q

What are the main types of colorectal cancer?

A

-adenoma/adenocarcinoma

32
Q

Risk factors of colorectal cancer?

A

red meat

  • low fibre diet
  • smoking
  • IBD
  • familial adenoma polyposis
  • lynch syndrome
33
Q

Specific symptoms of colorectal cancer

A
  • anaemia (bleeding/malabsorption of iron)
  • change in bowel habits (stimulating/blocking bowel)
  • tenesmus
  • abdominal mass
34
Q

Investigations for colorectal cancer ?

A
  • colonoscopy/flexible sigmoidoscopy
  • pill endoscopy
  • CT colongraphy
35
Q

Management for colorectal cancer?

A
  • surgery
  • chemo has limited use
  • radiotherapy
36
Q

What is significant aspect to consider in anorectal cancer?

A

adenocarcinoma from the colon or SCC from the adjacent skin

37
Q

What is more common treatment in anorectal cancer?

A

local excision

38
Q

diverticular disease?

A

diverticular which are symptomatic

39
Q

What is diverticulitis?

A

inflammation of diverticula

40
Q

Risk factors for diverticular disease/diverticulitis

A
  • western lifestyle (processed foods with low fibre diet)

- older patients

41
Q

Signs and symptoms of diverticular disease?

A
  • altered/erratic bowel habit
  • left iliac fossa colic
  • similar to IBS
42
Q

Signs and symptoms of diverticulitis?

A

severe pain in LIF

  • fever
  • tachycardia
  • tenderness and guarding of the left side of abdomen
43
Q

diverticular disease investigations

A

colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy

-barium enema

44
Q

diverticulitis investigations?

A
  • esr and crp (inflammatory markers)
  • CT
  • NO scope (can cause perforation)
45
Q

how does diverticulitis look in CT?

A

holes

46
Q

complications of diverticulitis?

A
  • perforation (pertionits , abscess)
  • haemorrhage
  • fistula
  • stricture
47
Q

treatment/manahement for diverticular disease

A
  • balnced diet with fibre and fluid intake
  • analgesia
  • bulking laxative
48
Q

management for uncomplicated diverticultis?

A

watchful waiting
-analgesia
0antibiotics
-iv fluids, iv antibiotics and bowel rest

49
Q

What is bowel rest

A

no food by mouth to allow GI tract to recover

50
Q

management for complicated diverticulitis

A
  • percutaneous drainage of large abscess
  • laparscopic peritoneal lavage and drainage
  • hartmanns procedure
  • primary resection/anastomosis
51
Q

colonic polyps what are they

A

abnormal growth of tissue projecting from the colonic mucosa

52
Q

Types of colonic polyps?

A
  • adenoma
  • serrated
  • inflammatory
  • hamaromatous
53
Q

Hernias definition

A

part of the abdominal contents protrudes through inguinal canal

54
Q

direct inguinal hernia

A

.,..

55
Q

indirect inguinal hernia

A

through deep ring

56
Q

Hernias inguinal hasselbach’s Triangle

A

marks area of potnential weakness in the abdominal wall through which direct inguinal herniation can occur

57
Q

hiatus hernia

A

herniation of stomach through the diaphragm

58
Q

femoral hernia

A

herniation through the femoral canal

59
Q

How does femoral hernia present

A

lump in upper medial thigh

60
Q

Management of femoral hernia

A

surgical -> strangulation?

61
Q

lumbar hernia

A

herniation through lumbar triangles

62
Q

incisional hernia

A

hernia post-surgery

63
Q

parastomal hernia

A

…

64
Q

paraumbilical hernia

A

dad’s one

65
Q

umbilical hernia

A

usually congenital rather than acquired

66
Q

haemorrhoids

A

enlargement of the vascular cushions in the wall of the anus and rectum due to increased pressure

67
Q

signs and symptoms of haemorrhoids

A

painless, bright red bleeding

  • perianal itch
  • ./..
68
Q

bowel obstruction

A

who gets it?

69
Q

how do bowel obstruction present?

A
  • colicky central abdo pain
  • absolute constipation
  • vomiting
  • borboygmus
  • abdominal distension
70
Q

investigation of bowel obstruction

A

tinkling bowel sounds

  • axr/contrast CT
  • ABGs and bloods
71
Q

bowel obstruction presurgical management

A

-drip and suck:
iv fluids + NG tube
-analgesia

72
Q

ishcaemic colitis

A

abdominal angina -

73
Q

investigations ishcaemic colitis

A
  • imaging (USS/AXR/CT)
  • angiography -> injecting contrast into venous system taking CT/MRI and trace blood vessles
  • colonscopy
74
Q

management of mild ischaemic colitis

A
  • self resolve
  • analgesia
  • IV fluids and fix cause
75
Q

management of major ischaemic colitis

A
  • embolectomy, bypass of

- colectomy assorted if an area is non salvageable

GI Revision Concise Cards (4 decks)

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