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GI - First Aid > GI regulatory substances > Flashcards

GI regulatory substances Flashcards

1
Q

Cholecystokinin: Source?

A

I cells (duodenum, jejunum)

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2
Q

CCK: Action?

A

Increases pancreatic secretion (via muscarinic pathways)
Increases gallbladder contraction
Decreases gastric emptying
Increases sphincter of Oddi relaxation

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3
Q

CCK: Regulation?

A

Increased by fatty acids, amino acids

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4
Q

Gastrin: Source?

A

G cells (antrum of stomach)

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5
Q

Gastrin: Action?

A

Increases gastric H+ secretion
Increases growth of gastric mucosa
Increases gastric motility

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6
Q

Gastrin: Regulation?

A

Increased by stomach distension/alkalinization, amino acids, peptides, vagal stimulation
Decreased by stomach pH < 1.5

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7
Q

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome results in an increase in which GI regulatory substance?

A

Gastrin

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8
Q

Chronic Proton Pump Inhibitor use can cause an Increase in what GI regulatory substance?

A

Gastrin

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9
Q

What 2 amino acids are potent stimulators of Gastrin?

A

Phenylalanine and tryptophan

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10
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide: Source?

A

K cells (duodenum, jejunum)

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11
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide: Action?

A

Exocrine: Decreases gastric H+ secretion
Endocrine: Increases insulin release

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12
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide: Regulation?

A

Increased by fatty acids, amino acids, oral glucose

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13
Q

Also known as GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Peptide):

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

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14
Q

Oral glucose load is used more rapidly than the equivalent given by IV due to secretion of what?

A

GIP

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15
Q

Motilin: Source?

A

Small Intestine

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16
Q

Motilin: Action?

A

Produces migrating motor complexes (MMCs)

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17
Q

Motilin: Regulation?

A

Increased in fasting state

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18
Q

Example of a motilin receptor agonist and action

A

Erythromycin

Used to stimulate intestinal peristalsis

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19
Q

Secretin: Source?

A

S cells (duodenum)

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20
Q

Secretin: Action?

A

Increases pancreatic HCO3- secretion
Decreases gastric acid secretion
Increases bile secretion

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21
Q

Secretin: Regulation?

A

Increased by acid, fatty acids in lumen of duodenum

22
Q

Purpose of Increased HCO3- by Secretin?

A

Neutralizes gastric acid in duodenum, allowing pancreatic enzymes to function

23
Q

Somatostatin: Source?

A

D cells (pancreatic islets, GI mucosa)

24
Q

Somatostatin: Action?

A

Decreases gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion
Decreases pancreatic and small intestine fluid secretion
Decreases gallbladder contraction
Decreases insulin and glucagon release

25
Q

Somatostatin: Regulation?

A

Increased by acid

Decreased by vagal stimulation

26
Q

What inhibits GH, insulin, and other hormones?

A

Somatostatin

27
Q

What inhibits digestion and absorption of substances needed for growth?

A

Somatostatin

28
Q

Analog for Somatostatin used to treat acromegaly, insulinoma, carcinoid syndrome, and variceal bleeding:

A

Octreotide

29
Q

Octreotide is an analog of what? And is used to treat what conditions?

A

Somatostatin

Used to treat acromegaly, insulinoma, carcinoid syndrome, variceal bleeding

30
Q

Nitric Oxide: Action?

A

Increases smooth muscle relaxation, including Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)

31
Q

What is achalasia, and what is implicated in its cause?

A

Increased LES tone

Loss of NO secretion

32
Q

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP): Source?

A

Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder, and small intestine

33
Q

VIP: Action?

A

Increases intestinal water and electrolyte secretion

Increases relation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters

34
Q

VIP: Regulation?

A

Increased by distention and vagal stimulation

Decreased by adrenergic input

35
Q

What is a VIPoma?

A

Pancreatic tumor that secretes VIP (non-alpha, non-beta)

copious Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, and Achlorhydria (WDHA syndrome)

36
Q

What is WDHA syndrome?

A

Causes copious Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, and Achlorhydria
Caused by VIPoma (pancreatic tumor that secretes VIP)

37
Q

Intrinsic Factor: Source?

A

Parietal cells (stomach)

38
Q

Intrinsic Factor: Action?

A

Vitamin B12-binding protein (required for B12 uptake in terminal ileum)

39
Q

Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells leads to:

A

Chronic gastritis and pernicious anemia (no IF for B12 uptake)

40
Q

Gastric Acid: Source?

A

Parietal cells (stomach)

41
Q

Gastric Acid: Action?

A

Decreases stomach pH

42
Q

Gastric Acid: Regulation?

A

Increased by histamine, ACh, gastrin

Decreased by somatostatin, GIP, prostaglandin, secretin

43
Q

What is a Gastrinoma?

A

Gastrin-secreting tumor that causes high levels of acid secretion and ulcers refractory to medical therapy.

44
Q

Pepsin: source?

A

Chief cells (stomach)

45
Q

Pepsin: action?

A

Protein digestion

46
Q

Pepsin: Regulation?

A

Increased by vagal stimulation, local acid

47
Q

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

H+

48
Q

HCO3- : source?

A 
Mucosal cells (stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, pancreas)
Brunner glands (duodenum)
49
Q

HCO3- : action?

A

Neutralizes acid

50
Q

HCO3- : Regulation?

A

Increased by pancreatic and biliary secretion with Secretin

51
Q

Where is HCO3- in the stomach?

A

Trapped in mucus that covers the gastric epithelium.

52
Q

How does Gastrin increase acid secretion?

A

Through its effects on enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, which leads to histamine release. Histamine stimulates parietal cells to increase acid.

GI - First Aid (3 decks)

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