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GI - First Aid > GI - Phys > Flashcards

GI - Phys Flashcards

1
Q

Brunner glands: location and action

A

duodenal submucosa secrete alkaline mucus

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2
Q

Hypertrophy of these glands is seen in peptic ulcer disease

A

Brunner glands

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3
Q

Pancreatic secretions: low flow –> ?

A

high Cl-

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4
Q

Pancreatic secretions: high flow –> ?

A

high HCO3-

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5
Q

a-amalase: role and source

A

starch digestion (secreted in active form) secreted from pancreas

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6
Q

Lipase: role and source

A

fat digestion pancreas

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7
Q

phospholipase A: role and source

A

fat digestion pancreas

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8
Q

colipase: role and source

A

fat digestion pancreas

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9
Q

Trypsin: role and source

A

protease -> protein digestion (secreted as zymogen) pancreas

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10
Q

Chymotrypsin: role and source

A

protease -> protein digestion (secreted as zymogen) pancreas

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11
Q

Elastase: role and source

A

protease -> protein digestion (secreted as zymogen) pancreas

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12
Q

Carboxypeptidase: role and source

A

protease -> protein digestion (secreted as zymogen) pancreas

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13
Q

Protease proenzymes are activated by:

A

trypsin (positive feedback loop)

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14
Q

Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by:

A

enterokinase/enteropeptidase, brush-border enzyme on duodenal and jejunal mucosa trypsin

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15
Q

Monosaccharides include:

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

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16
Q

Enterocytes can absorb what kind of carbohydrates?

A

Only monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose)

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17
Q

What carbohydrates are taken up by SGLT1? And what is the mechanism?

A

Na+ dependent Glucose and Galactose

18
Q

What carbohydrate is taken up into GLUT-5? Mechanism?

A

Facilitated diffusion Fructose

19
Q

All monosaccharides are transported to the blood by:

A

GLUT-2

20
Q

What is the D-xylose absorption test?

A

Distinguishes GI mucosal damage from other causes of malabsorption.

21
Q

How and where is iron absorbed?

A

Absorbed as Fe2+ in duodenum

22
Q

Where is Folate absorbed?

A

absorbed in small bowel (jejunum and ileum)

23
Q

How and where is B12 absorbed?

A

Absorbed in terminal ileum along with bile acids Requires Intrinsic Factor

24
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches found?

A

Lamina propria and submucosa of ileum

25
Q

What kind of tissue are Peyer’s patches?

A

unencapsulated lymphoid tissue

26
Q

Functions of Peyer’s patches:

A

Contain specialized M cells that sample and present antigens to immune cells B cells stimulated in the germinal centers of Peyer Patches differentiate into IgA-secreting plasma cells, which ultimately reside in lamina propria IgA is transported across the epithelium to the gut to deal with intraluminal antigen

27
Q

What structure is outlined by the oval, and where is this structure found?

A

Peyer’s Patches

lamina propria and submucosa of ileum

28
Q

Bile salts are made up of:

A

bile acids conjugated to glycin or taurine, making them water soluble

29
Q

Bile is composed of:

A

bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bilirubin, water, and ions

30
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the rate limiting step of bile synthesis:

A

Cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase

31
Q

Functions of bile:

A
  • Digestion and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
  • Cholesterol excretion (body’s only means of eliminating cholesterol!)
  • Antimicrobial activity (via membrane disruption)
32
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

Product of heme metabolism

33
Q

How is bile removed from the blood stream?

A

Removed from blood by liver, conjugated with glucuronate, and excreted in bile

34
Q

Direct bilirubin:

A

conjugated with glucuronic acid; water soluble

35
Q

Indirect bilirubin:

A

unconjugated; water insoluble

36
Q

RBCs are metabolized and broken down in what cell type?

A

Macrophages

37
Q

How does Indirect bilirubin (unconjugated) travel in the bloodstream?

A

Attached to albumin

38
Q

Enzyme in the liver that conjugates bilirubin:

A

UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase

39
Q

How is conjugated bilirubin excreted?

A

Taken up by small intestines, where gut bacteria turn it into urobilinogen

Urobilinogen (80%) is oxidized and excreted in feces as Stercobilin

Urobilinogen (20%) is taken up by the kidneys, and oxidized to urobilin, or taken up in enterohepatic circulation, returning to liver

40
Q
A

GI - First Aid (3 decks)

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