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Advanced Pathophysiology 2 > GI Physiology - Exam 1 > Flashcards

GI Physiology - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine is related to _ release and exocrine secretes _ and requires _.

A

hormone
enzymes
ducts

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2
Q

T/F All endocrine GI hormones (gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP, GIP, and motilin) are peptides and sent into bloodstream

A

true

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3
Q

Some hormones of the paracrine system are _ (somatostatin) and some are not (_)

A

peptides
histamine

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4
Q

T/F Paracrine hormones such as somatostatin and histamine enter the blood stream to act on endocrine cells.

A

False,
These are NOT sent into the bloodstream, they DIFFUSE to target cells, same with neurocrines

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5
Q

Histamine helps _ acid secretion and aids in _ digestion

A

increase
protein

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6
Q

T/F Neurocrines are released from nerves to blood stream and sent to target cells.

A

False
These, like paracrines, DIFFUSE to target cells, not via bloodstream

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7
Q

Neurocrines such as VIP are _ and some are not (_ and _)

A

peptides
ACh
NE

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8
Q

Amylase aids in _ break down via ATP _.

A

carb
hydrolysis

-polysach-disach-monosach

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9
Q

Which 2 areas does amylase come from?

A

Salivary glands (parotid and submand glands)
-alpha amylase (ptyalin) stimulate carb break down

Pancreas
-more abundant, finishes digestion in the small intestine

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10
Q

Gastrin hormone
-chemical class
-where it’s made

A

peptide

antrum of stomach

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11
Q

Gastrin hormone
-trigger for release
-inhibiting factor

A

Trigger: protein intake (AA/ peptides in stomach) , PNS nerves

Inhibitors: stomach acid, somatostatin

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12
Q

Gastrin hormone
-target sites
-action

A

Stomach
-stimulates acid secretion and motility

Sm Int.
-stimulates ileum

Lrg Int.
-stimulates mass movement

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13
Q

CCK hormone
-chem class
-where it’s made

A

peptide

Sm Intestine

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14
Q

CCK
-trigger for release
-inhibiting factor

A

Trigger: AA, FA in stomach

Inhibitors: -

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15
Q

CCK
-target site
-action

A

Stomach
-inhibits acid secretion and motility

Pancreas
-potentiates secretin increasing bicarb
-stimulates enzyme secretion into Sm. Int.

Liver
-potentiates secretin’s increase of bicarb

Gallbladder
-CONTRACTS gallbladder
-RELAXES sphincter of oddi

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16
Q

Secretin
-chem class
-where it’s made

A

peptide

Sm. Intestine

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17
Q

Secretin
-trigger for release
-inhibiting factors

A

Trigger: acid in sm. int.

Inhibitors: -

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18
Q

Secretin
-target sites
-action

A

Stomach
-inhibits acid secretion and motility

Pancreas
-stimulates Bicarb secretion, potentiates CCK

Liver
-stimulates Bicarb secretion

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19
Q

The most abundant enzyme:

A

pancreatic lipase

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20
Q

Pancreatic lipase is made in the _ and acts on the _ _

A

pancreas
Sm. intestine

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21
Q

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin are made in the _ in their inactive forms (_ and _) which are activated in the _ _

A

pancreas
chymotrypsinogen
trypsinogen
sm. intestine

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22
Q

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin both break down _ in the _ _

A

dipeptides
sm intestine

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23
Q

Pepsin is made in the _ as its inactive form (_) which is activated by _

A

stomach
pespinogen
HCl and gastrin (increases HCl secretion)

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24
Q

CCK and secretin are both made in the _ _and are stimulated by _

A

sm intestine
food

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25
Q

Pepsin breaks down _ in the stomach

A

proteins (polypeptides)

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26
Q

Disaccharides are broken down in to monosaccharides from _ _ and _

A

ATP hydrolysis
amylase

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27
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the release of bile salts from the gall bladder and enzyme (trypsin, amylase, pancreatic lipase) release from the pancreas?

A

CCK
-Secretin assists in pancreas

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28
Q

Which hormone is responsible for Bicarb release from pancreas and liver?

A

Secretin
-CCK assists both

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29
Q

2 components of the enteric (intrinsic) nervous system:

A

-Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus
-Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus

30
Q

2 components of the autonomic(Extrinsic) nervous system

A

PNS
-triggers via ACh (histamine stimulates gastrin and ACh to release from cells in stomach)/ atropine does the opposite

SNS
-inhibits via NE

31
Q

Basis for digestion is _

A

hydrolysis

32
Q

Carb’s smallest units are _
Protein’s smallest units are _ and _
Fat (triglyceride)’s smallest units are _ and _

A

monosaccharides

small peptides and AAs

FFAs and glycerol (monoglyceride)

33
Q

5 cells of the stomach(oxyntic gland)

A

-mucous neck cells
-peptic cells (Chief cells)
-parietal cells
-G cells
-Entero-chromaffin-like (ECL) cells

34
Q

Stomach cells
Mucous neck cells secrete

A

mucus and bicarb
-protect stomach lining

35
Q

Stomach cells
Peptic/ Chief Cells secrete

A

pepsinogen and rennin (found in cows too?)

36
Q

Stomach cells
Parietal cells secrete

A

HCl
Intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption

37
Q

Stomach Cells
G Cells secrete

A

gastrin

38
Q

Stomach cells
Enterochromaffinlike (ECL) cells secrete

A

histamine
-increases HCl

39
Q

Which hormones(4) can increase parietal cell acid production?

A

-gastrin
-secretin
-histamine
-ACh (PNS)

40
Q

Which hormone can decrease parietal cell acid production?

A

somatostatin

41
Q

Pancreatic ENZYMES (4):

A

trypsin
lipase
amylase
bicarb

42
Q

The enzyme Trypsin breaks down _ and comes from the _

A

proteins
pancreas
-released as trypsinogen then upon entering the sm. int., becomes trypsin to not break down pancreas

43
Q

The enzyme, Lipase breaks down _ and comes from the _

A

fat
pancreas
-makes FFA and monoglycerides

44
Q

The enzyme, amylase breaks down _ and comes from the _

A

polysacch (carbs)
pancreas

45
Q

“Nature’s Antacid”=

A

secretin
-releases bicarb into sm. intestine and decreases HCl release into stomach

46
Q

The liver secretes which 2 things?

A

bile and bicarb

47
Q

The primary site of bile production is the:

A

liver

48
Q

Function of bile

A

-emulsify fat into smaller globs that lipase can act on or body can absorb

49
Q

Process of bile release:
1. _ is released from sm. intestine in response to _ from food
2. _ travels thru _ to the gallbladder
3. Gallbladder _ , increasing bile flow to the _ _ _ and the sphincter of oddi _
4. Bile is then released into the _ _

A
  1. CCK, Fatty Acids
  2. CCK, blood
  3. contracts, common bile duct, relaxes
  4. small intestine
50
Q

Liver functions:

A

-produces and secretes bile and bicarb
-filters and removes old RBCs, forming bilirubin
-processes and stores nutrients
-makes important plasma proteins (albumin, clotting proteins, angiotensinogen, steroid binding proteins)
-synth of cholesterol (VLDL)
-Apoprotein B synth

51
Q

Liver cells (3)

A

Hepatocytes

Endothelial cells

Large Kupffer cells (reticuloendothelial)
-macrophages that eat bacteria and foreign matter

52
Q

Endocrine Pancreatic cells and their hormone secretions:

A

Alpha Cells - glucagon

Beta Cells- insulin

53
Q

Kinase does what to a molecule?

A

adds a phosphate group and activates it

54
Q

Phosphatase does what to a molecule?

A

removes a phosphate group and deactivates it

55
Q

Phosphorylase does what to a compound?

A

splits a compound by adding phosphate ( similar to hydrolysis but uses phosphate and not water)

56
Q

Glycogenesis:

A

forming glycogen (stored polysacch) from sugar
-stores it for energy for body

57
Q

Glycolysis:

A

breakdown of glucose by enzymes to make ATP and pyruvic acid
-can occur with or without O2
-makes 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 H2O
-occurs in cytoplasm

58
Q

Gluconeogenesis:

A

forming glucose from non-carb substances

59
Q

Lipogenesis:

A

forming lipids/fats

60
Q

Lipolysis:

A

breaking down of fats/lipids

61
Q

Ketogenesis:

A

synth of ketone bodies

62
Q

Increased plasma insulin will cause:
-muscles

A

-increase glucose uptake/use
-net glycogen synth
-net AA uptake
-net protein synth

63
Q

Increased plasma insulin will cause:
-fat/adipocytes

A

-increased glucose uptake and use
-net TG(triglyceride) synth

64
Q

Increased plasma insulin will cause:
-liver

A

-decreased gluconeogenesis
-net glycogen synth
-net TG synth
-NO ketone synth

65
Q

Decreased plasma insulin will cause:
-muscle

A

-decreased glucose uptake/use
-net glycogen catabolism
-net protein catabolism
-net AA release
-FA uptake and use

66
Q

Decreased plasma insulin will cause:
-fat/adipocytes

A

-decrease glucose uptake/use
-net TG catabolism
-release of glycerol and FA

67
Q

Decreased plasma insulin will cause:
-liver

A

-increased glucose release due to removing inhibitory effects on glycogen catabolism and gluconeogenesis
-increased ketone synth and release

68
Q

Glucagon response to low glucose:
1.When plasma glucose decreases, pancreatic _ cells increase glucagon secretion.
2. This causes the liver to increase processes of _, _, and _ synth.
3. Plasma glucose and _ are increased.

A
  1. alpha
  2. gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, ketone
  3. ketones
69
Q

SNS/ Epi response to low glucose:
Epi released from the _ _ impacts the _ _, liver, and adipose tissue
SNS activity impacts the liver and adipose tissue

Skeletal musc increases _
The liver increases _ and _
The adipose tissue increases _

A

Adrenal medulla->epi-> skeletal musc, liver, and fat
SNS -> increased activity of liver and fat tissue

Skeletal muscle- glycogenolysis
Liver- Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Adipose- lipolysis

70
Q

_, _, and _ increase serum glucose when it’s low.

A

Cortisol, epi, glucagon

71
Q

Cortisol’s response to low serum glucose:
1. Increases enzymes needed to make glucose from _ in liver cells(muscle mainly)
2. Antagonizes _’s effects of inhibiting gluconeogenesis in liver
3. Causes a moderate decrease in glucose utilization by cells in the body leading to _ resistance

A
  1. AA
  2. insulin
  3. insulin
72
Q
A

Advanced Pathophysiology 2 (4 decks)

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