Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gastrointestinal system > GI Pathology 2 > Flashcards

GI Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gastritis

A

This is inflamation of the stomach lining. Gastritis may be acute or chronic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of acute gastritis.

A
  • Stress
  • Uraemia
  • Alcohol
  • NSAIDs
  • Burns: Curling’s ulcer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chronic gastritis

A
  • Type A
    • Autoimmune: autoantibodies are present to parietal cells
    • Presents with perncious anaemia
    • Occurs in the fundus or the body of the stomach
  • Type B
    • Most common
    • Associatedwith Helicobacter pylori infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Investigations for H. pylori infection

A
  • bloods: anaemia and H. pylori (antibodies)
  • Urinalysis
  • Carbon isotope - urea breath test
  • Endoscopy with biopsy of stomach lining
  • Stool microscopy and culture - may detect trace amounts of H. pylori
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Treatment for H. pylori

A

Triple therapy to erradicate H. pylori:

  • proton pump inhibitor
  • ammoxicillin 1g and clarithromycin 500mg

or

  • metronidazole 400mg and clarithromycin 250mg

(Medications twice daily)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Treatment of gastritis

A

Mild - antacids or H2 receptor antagonists

Moderate/severe - PPI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gastritis complications

A
  • Peptic ulcers
  • Anaemia (from bleeding ulcers)
  • Stricture formation
  • Mucoal-associated lmphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is irritable bowel syndrome?

A

This is a common functional disorder of the bowel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Signs and symptoms of IBS

A
  • Recurrent abdominal pain
    • which improves on defecation
  • Change in bowel habit
    • increased or decreased frequency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treatment for IBS

A

Conservative:

  • education and avoidance of triggering factors

Medical - depends on symptoms :

  • antimuscarinics
  • laxatives
  • stool softners
  • antispasmotics
  • antidepressants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Complications of IBS

A

Depression and anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

This is inflammation of the appendix that presents with pain that can origionate in the umbilical area before migrating to the right iliac fossa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Appendicitis investigations

A
  • Bloods: FBC, U&Es, CRP
  • Ultrasound
  • Pregnancy test in females of child-bearing age to rule out ectopic pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Appendicitis complications

A

Peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is ulcerative colitis (UC)?

A

UC is a relapsing remitting inflamatory disorder of the colonic mucosa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which part of the bowel does UC affect?

A

It may just affect the rectum (30%) or extend to involve part of the colon (40%) or the entire colon (30%).

It ‘never’ spreads proximal to the ileocaecal valve (except for backwash ileitis).

17
Q

What feature differentiates UC from Crohns disease?

A

Continuous inflamation limited to the mucosa.

18
Q

Ulcerative colitis epidemiology.

A
  • typically presents around 20-40 years
  • UC is 3 fold as common in non-smokers
    • symptoms may relapse on stopping smoking
19
Q

Symptoms of UC

A
  • episodic or chronic diarrhoea (± blood and mucus)
  • crampy abdominal discomfort
  • bowel frequency relates to severity
  • tenesmus

Systemic symptoms in attacks:

  • fever
  • malaise
  • anorexia
  • ↓weight
20
Q

Extraintestinal signs of UC

A
  • Clubbing
  • Aphthous oral ulcers
  • Erythema nodusum
  • Pyoderma gangrenosum
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Episceritis
  • Iritis
  • Large joint arthritis
  • Scroiliitis
  • Ankolysing spondylitis
  • Primary sclerosing cholangitis
21
Q

Investigations for UC

A
  • Blood - FBC, ESR, CRP, U&E, LFT, blood culture
  • Stool - MC&S
    • to exclude Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E.coli, amoebae
  • Faecal calprotectin
    • a simple non-invasive test for GI inflamation with high sensitivity
  • AXR
    • mucosal thickening, colonic dilation
  • Lower GI endoscopy
    • limted flexible sigmoidoscopy if acute to assess and biopsy
    • full coloonoscopy once controlled to define disease extent
22
Q

Complications from UC

A
  • Toxic megacolon
  • Increased incidence of colon cancer
  • Primary sclerosing cholangitis
  • Osteoporosis (from steroid use)
23
Q

Treatment for mild UC

A
  • 5-ASA eg mesalazine
    • PR for distal disease
    • PO for more extensive disease
  • Topical steroid foams PR or prednisolone 20mg retention enemas
    • Less effectve than PR 5-ASA but ay be needed in addition
24
Q

Treatment for moderate UC.

A

If 4-6 motions per day but otherwise well:

  • oral prednisolone
    • 40mg/d for 1wk, then taper by 5mg/wk over following 7 weeks
  • then maintain on oral 5-ASA
25
Q

Treatment for severe UC

A

If unwell and ≥6 motions/d, admit for:

  • IV hydration/electolyte replacement
  • IV steroids
26
Q

When should immunomodulaation be used for patients with UC?

A

Patients flare on steroid tapering or require ≥2 courses of steroids/year.

27
Q

When should biological therapy be used for patients with UC?

A

For patients intolerant of immunomodulation, or developing symptoms despite an immunomodulator.

Gastrointestinal system (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions