GI Path and Phys Flashcards
What is the function of the stomach?
storage, grinding, mixing, digestions, acid secretion
What is the function of the exocrine pancreas?
digestions, HCO3- buffer
What is the function of the liver?
metabolism, detox
What is the function of the small intestine?
ABSORPTION
digestions
What is the function of the large intestine?
water reabsorption
What is the function of the gallbladder?
stores bile
For embryologic development, which structures arise from the foregut?
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
respiratory tract
For embryologic development, which structures arise from the midgut?
small intestine
primordium of live and pancreas
For embryologic development, which structures arise from the hindgut?
colon
What does the salivary gland produce and what is its function?
amylase
-digestion of starch
What does the stomach produce and what is its function?
pepsin
HCL
-digestion of proteins
Gastrin
Intrinsic Factor
-mediates absorption of vitamin B12
What does the small intestine produce and what is its function?
enterokinase
-activates pancreative enzymes
cholecystokinin
-stimulates GB contraction and pancreatic secretion of bicarbs
secretin
-stimulates secretion of pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypisin
Sialadenitis: infectious
infectious (viral or bacterial)
stap or strep viridans
obstruction
mumps (paramyoxviridae) - most common viral; children > adults
Sialadenitis: autoimmune
sjogren’s disease
xerostomia (dry mouth) and xerophthalmia (dry eyes) with enlargement of the salivary glands
destruction of the parenchymal cells affects their function and results in decreased production of saliva and tears
Salivary gland Neoplasms epi
W > M
all age groups –peak incidence in 6th - 7th decade of life
MC parotid gland –epithelial origin
What is the most common salivary gland to get neoplasms?
parotid gland
majority of salivary gland neoplasms are of epithelial origin, representing 80% to 90% of all neoplasms
75% benign
What is the most common benign neoplasms of the salivary glands?
pleomorphic adenoma
What is the most common malignant tumors of the salivary glands?
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Which salivary glands are more likely to be benign and which ones are more likely to be malignant?
major salivary gland neoplasms –mc benign
minor salivary gland neoplasms – mc malignant
How long is the human esophagus?
25cm long
What is considered a definitive anatomic landmark for the tubular esophagus?
identification of a squamous duct and submucosal mucous glands
Achalasia
spasm of lower esophagus sphincter with esophageal dilation proximal to the site of spasm
pts present with dysphagia
typically idiopathic
What is the most common esophagitis?
reflux of gastric juice (“peptic esophagitis”), with pepsin and HCl leading to ulcerations and epithelial metaplasia
Esophageal atresia
lack of lumen, with or without esophagotracheal fistula
babies vomit ingested milk
without repair, babies die of hunger or aspiration PNA
What are the 2 types of hiatal hernias?
sliding vs paraesophageal
What is the most common cause of hiatal hernia?
reflux esophagitis
tone of LES can decrease d/t smoking and caffeine; pregnancy
What is a chemical cause of esophagitis?
Lye in suicide attempts
pts taking NSAIDs and not drinking water
What is the common cause of esophageal varices?
liver cirrhosis
or any disease causing portal HTN
among MC causes of UGI bleeds
What is a common cause of UGI bleeds?
esophageal varices
What is Mallory Weiss syndrome?
laceration of small vessels at GE junction during strenuous vomiting
MC in EtOHers
Who is more likely to have Mallory Weiss Syndrome?
pts with hx of severe vomiting
EtOHers
What is Barrett’s Esophagus?
characterized by the conversion of normal squamous epithelium of the esophagus into metaplastic columnar epithelium
What is the most common cause of Barrett’s esophagus?
chronic GERD
familial predispositions forBE and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has been documented in familial clusters
Epi of esophagus carcinoma
accounts for 4% of all cancers
M > W
correlates with EtOH + tobacco
bad survival
At dx of esophageal carcinoma, where is the tumor?
most have spread through adventitia to lymph nodes and adjacent organs
“locally invasive”
What is the most important developmental abnormality?
congenital pyloric stenosis
appears during neonate periods
M > F
projectile vomiting
What are causes of acute gastritis?
stress, shock, food, exogenous chemicals, drugs (aspirin)
What is peptic ulcer?
related to an underlying chronic gastritis (typically caused by H. pylori)
What does an H2 blocker do?
inhibits gastric sections and promotes healing in peptic ulcer pts
“Punched out round defects of the mucosa extending into deep layers”
macroscopic features of peptic ulcers