GI Part 1: Oral Cavity, Esophagus

Question 1

Which diseases affect the parotid gland?

Answer 1

Mumps
Pleomorphic adenoma
Sjorgen’s Syndrome

Question 2

What are the 3 salivary glands?

Answer 2

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

Question 3

What sialadentitis disease:

• Comes from paramyxovirus
• Is self-limited in childhood but in adults can become meningitis, pancreatitis, orchitis and lead to sterility
• Includes all the salivary glands especially the parotid
• has diffuse interstitial inflammation and mononuclear cell infiltrate

Answer 3

Mumps

Question 4

Which sialadentitis is:

• autoimmune
• affects all the salivary glands
• affects the lacrimal gland
• Sx include xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis

Answer 4

Sjorgren syndrome

Question 5

Which sialadentitis is secondary to duct obstruction by stone aka sialolithiasis?

Answer 5

Bacteria Sialadentitis

Question 6

Which salivary gland tumor is:

• benign glandular cell tumor
• mixed tumor of salivary glands
• is the most common of the salivary gland tumors (mostly in parotid gland)
• is formed of epithelial cells arranged in acini and ducts, myxomatosis connective tissue stroma and islands of cartilage

Answer 6

Pleomorphic adenoma

Question 7

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?

Answer 7

Mucosa
Submucosal
Muscularis externa (muscularis propria)
Advanticia/serosa

Question 8

Term meaning failure to relax (have no peristalsis/motility)

Answer 8

Achalasia

Question 9

Motor disorder of the esophagus in which there is:

• achalasia
• nocturnal regurgitation
• retention of food within the esophagus
• can be due to Trypanosma cruzi (infection of Chaga’s disease)
• can be due to loss of ganglion cells in the myenteric (Arbach’s)plexus

Answer 9

Achalasia

Question 10

What ate the symptoms of achalasia?

Answer 10

Progressive dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)

Nocturnal regurgitation and aspiration of food

Pain

Question 11

What are 3 causes of Esophagitis?

Answer 11

Reflux of acid pepsin due to hiatal hernia

Ingestion of caustic irritants

Infection - Herpes or Candida albicans

Question 12

What are the two manifestations of esophagitis?

Answer 12

Dysphagia

Retro sternal pain

Question 13

Herniation of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm due to enlargement of hiatus and laxity of connective tissue around.

Answer 13

Hiatal hernia

Question 14

Hiatal hernia in which the cap of the gastric cardia moves upward above the diaphragm

Answer 14

Sliding hernia

Question 15

What are the two types of hiatal hernia?

Answer 15

Sliding hernia or paraesophageal hernia

Question 16

Herniation of part of gastric fundus beside the esophagus

Answer 16

Paraesophageal hernia

Question 17

What does GERD stand for?

Answer 17

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Question 18

What are the symptoms of paraesophageal hernia?

Answer 18

Regurgitation of food

Retro sternal pain

Exacerbated in recumbent position that facilitates GERD

Question 19

What are 3 complications of paraesophageal hernia?

Answer 19

Ulceration and constricture

Bleeding

Metaplasia (from stratified squamous non-keratinized cells to glandular simple columnar epithelium)

Question 20

What does EGD stand for?

Answer 20

Esophagogastroduedoscopy

Question 21

Disease of the esophagus in which:

• complication of longstanding GERD
• Replacement of the squamous epithelium of the esophagus by mucus-secreting columnar cells into gastric or intestinal mucosal cells
• is most common in the lower 1/3 of the esophagus (gastro-esophageal junction)

Answer 21

Barrett Esophagus

Question 22

What are the complications of Barrett Esophagus?

Answer 22

Ulceration or even constricted formation

Increased risk of Malignant transformation into adenocarcinoma

Question 23

With Barrett’s esophagus, there is a metaplasia at the gastroesophageal junction. The cells change from what to what?

Answer 23

Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium

To

Glandular simple columnar epithelium

Question 24

Barrett’s esophagus can lead to what kind of cancer?

Answer 24

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

Question 25

Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

Answer 25

Metaplasia

Question 26

Loss of uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation of epithelial tissues

Answer 26

Dysplasia

Question 27

Disease of the esophagus caused by excessive vomiting, leading to failure of relaxation of the esophagus overwhelming constriction at the gastroesophageal junction which then leads to massive dilation and tear of the stretched wall

Answer 27

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

Question 28

What are the complications of Mallory-Weiss Tear of the Esophagus?

Answer 28

Hemorrhage

Secondary infection (Mediastinitis, empyema, ulcer)

Myocardial ischemia/infarction

Hypovolemic shock

Death

Question 29

Disease of the upper GI tract with the following:

Iron deficiency anemia
Cheilosis (cracking along lips)
Esophageal Webbing
Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)

Answer 29

Plummer Vinson Syndrome

Question 30

Outpouching of the esophagus

Answer 30

Zenker’s Diverticulum

Question 31

What are the risk factors for esophageal carcinoma?

Answer 31

Barret esophagus
ETOH use
HPV
Caustic esophageal injury
Achalasia
Radiation to mediastinum
Frequent consumption of very hot liquids