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Module 16 > GI Nematodes of Small Animals > Flashcards

GI Nematodes of Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

what are the Ascarids (3)

A
  1. Toxocara canus (dog and fox)
  2. toxocara cati (cat)
  3. toxascaris leonina (dog and cat)
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2
Q

what are the routes of infection of toxocara canis in the dog (3)

A
  1. oral (direct) - L3 in egg
  2. transplacental**
  3. transmammary
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3
Q

what is the most important route of infection of Toxocara canis

A

transplacental

100% of pups will be infected

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4
Q

what is the outcome of Toxocara canis in puppies <3 months old

A

adult worms develop in SI which results in adult worms producing eggs

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5
Q

what is the outcome of infection of Toxocara canis in dogs >3-6 months old

A

larvae tend to arrest in tissues

no adults, arrested larval development

ALD consequence of immune response in older animal

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6
Q

how long does transmammary transmission occur in Toxocara canis in the dog

A

~5 weeks

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7
Q

at what age is the highest level of infection of Toxocara canis in puppies

A

<6 months old

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8
Q

when are worms expelled in puppies in Toxocara canis

A

expelled by 6-8 months of age

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9
Q

when are Toxocara canis not susceptible to anthelmintics

A

arrested L3

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10
Q

what are the clinical signs of Toxocara canis infection in puppies

A

enteral phase:

  1. pot bellied pups
  2. failure to thrive (starved, stunted)
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11
Q

what is the main principle of Toxocara canis treatment

A

prevent environmental contamination with eggs

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12
Q

what is the PPP of Toxocara canis

A

min 16 days

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13
Q

when would you start treatment of Toxocara canis

A

start before parasite lays eggs and continue to remove milk acquired infection (5 weeks)

treat at around 2 week period before eggs are laid into environment

treat bitch at the same time

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14
Q

when and what would you treat a bitch with Toxocara canis

A

high dose fenbendazole

3 weeks pre partum and 2 days post partum

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15
Q

what is the PPP of toxocara cati

A

~8 weeks

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16
Q

what are the routes of infection of toxocara cati

A
  1. transmammary
  2. direct route – migration
  3. paratenic route (rodents ingested)
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17
Q

is there transplacental infection with toxocara cati

A

no

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18
Q

which is infective –> embryonated, unembryonated and larvated toxocara cati and canis eggs

A

embryonated and larvated egg is infective

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19
Q

how do toxocara cati and canis eggs persist in the environment

A

sticky and resistent

survive years in environment

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20
Q

are toxocara canis and cati eggs diagnostic

A

yes

sculptured egg shell

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21
Q

are toxocara cati and canis zoonotic

A

yes can infect humans

eggs hatch and migrating larvae cause ocular and visceral disease

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22
Q

how is toxascaris leonina transmitted

A

direct, egg containing L3

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23
Q

is there a migratory phase in toxascaris leionina

A

no

24
Q

how can toxascaris leonina be distinguished from T. canis

A

toxascaris leonina is smooth shelled

25
Q

what is the PPP of toxascaris leonina

A

~11 weeks

26
Q

what are strongyloidea

A

hookworms

27
Q

what are the hookworms (4)

A
  1. ancylostoma caninum (dog)
  2. a. braziliense (dog and cat)
  3. a. tubaeforme (cat)
  4. uncinaria stenocephala (dog, cat and fox in UK)
28
Q

what are the physical features of hookworms

A

1-3cm, stout, hooked

29
Q

where is the predilection site of hookworms

A

small intestine

30
Q

what stage are hookworms infective

A

L3

taken up from environment (ingested or migrate into lower limbs)

31
Q

what is the lifecycle of ancylostoma caninum

A
  1. immature worms swallowed or immature worms penetrate skin, ALD immature worms can remain dormant in skeletal muscle
  2. immature worms migrate to mammary glands and infect puppies through milk
  3. adults present as male and females –> produce eggs which are excreted into feces
  4. eggs in feces from 2-4 weeks after infection
  5. immature worms developing in eggs
  6. development of egg through emergence of infective larva takes about 1 week
32
Q

what is the PPP of ancyclostoma caninum

A

14-21 days

33
Q

how long does it take for ancylostoma caninum to develop from L1-L3 in the environment

A

5 days

34
Q

how does arrested larval development ALD

A

larvae that migrate via the lungs can arrest as L3 in skeletal muscle

can emerge from arrest after infection when immunocompromised or stressed

35
Q

is the there transplacental infection of a. caninum

A

no

transmammary is most important

36
Q

what is the pathogenesis of A. caninum

A

simple hemorrhage

immature and adult worms feed

each female worm ~50-`00 ul blood per day

worms change feeding sites up to 6 times per day

37
Q

what are the clinical signs of A. caninum in young animals

A

severe acute hemorrhagic anemia (maybe bloody diarrhea)

38
Q

what are the clinical signs of A. caninum in older animals

A

chronic hemorrhagic anemia

respiratory signs due to larval damage

39
Q

where do A. caninum develop

A

warmer climates (larval development requirement)

40
Q

what are the two sources of A. caninum

A
  1. transmammary
  2. percutaneous/oral from environemt
41
Q

how are A. caninum diagnosed (3)

A
  1. clinical signs
  2. history
  3. fecal egg count (pathogenic in prepatent phase) fecund (typical strongyle egg)
42
Q

is this egg diagnostically significant

A

no its not

a. caninum

can’t tell what species

43
Q

how is A. caninum controlled (2)

A
  1. chemotherapy (3 monthly)
    - benzimidazoles
    - ivermectin/moxidectin
    - fenbendazole in pregnant bitch
  2. clean dry bedding, earth or grass runs support survival of L3
44
Q

how does the vaccine against hookworms work

A

stimulate an antibodh response to nematodes digestive enzymes

Ab bind to microvillar surface of worm gut

inhibits digestion of blood

worms starve – less fecund, shorter, reduce anemia in host

45
Q

how is uncinaria stenocephala transmitted

A

oral infection (sheated L3)

no percutaneous or transmammary infection

46
Q

what is the pathology of uncinaria stenocephala (3)

A
  1. not a voracious blood sucker: protein losing enteropathy
  2. skin infection not effective: L3 penetrate skin but die
  3. hypersensitivity responseL pedal dermatitis
47
Q

how is uncinaria stenocephala diagnosed

A

eggs in feces

similar to Ancylostoma but slightly larger

differential diagnosis requires larval culture

48
Q

how can Ancylostoma and Uncinaria adults be distinguished

A

Ancylostoma has teeth

uncinaria has cutting plates

49
Q

where is uncinaria stenocephala most prevelant

A

in working dogs (farm dogs)

50
Q

what are whipworms

A

trichuroidea

trichuris

51
Q

what is the life cycle of trichuris (10)

A
  1. eggs consumed
  2. adults embedded into wall of dog’s cecum and colon
  3. adult release eggs
  4. egg in feces 74-90 days after infection
  5. L1 developing in egg – resistant
  6. ingested
  7. plugs digested L1 released
  8. penetrates mucosal glands
  9. larvae develops inside egg in topsoil (taking 9-26 days to become infective) –> L2 –> L3 –> L4
  10. adult worms in intestine
52
Q

what is the pathology of trichuris vulpis (3)

A
  1. usually asymptomatic
  2. occasionally diptheritic enteritis and hemorrhagic colitis
  3. watery diarrhea +/- blood
53
Q

how is trichuris vulpis diagnosed

A

eggs in feces

diagnostically significant

lemon shaped eggs with polar plugs at ends

54
Q

what is the PPP of trichuris

A

6-12 weeks

55
Q

how is trichuris treated

A

benzimidazoles

probenzimidazoles

56
Q

how is trichuris controlled

A

clean, dry, bedding, earth or grass runs –> disinfect, heat or steam clean areas to remove long-lived eggs

Module 16 (26 decks)

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