GI Microbiology II Flashcards by Stacey Hansen

inflammation of stomach and intestine characterized by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort

Gastroenteritis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

inflammatory disorder of the GI tract often associated with blood and pus in the feces and accompanied by symptoms of pain, fever, abdominal cramps

Dysentery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is diarrhea usually resulting from disease of the small or large intestine?

Small

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is dysentery usually resulting from disease of the small or large intestine?

Large

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

inflammation involving the mucosa of both the small and large intestine

Enterocolitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Do Vibrio species, ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, Listeria, and Bacillus cereus cause secretory or inflammatory diarrhea?

Secretory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Do Shigella, EIEC, STEC, Salmonella, C. diff and Campylobacter cause secretory or inflammatory diarrhea?

Inflammatory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is E. coli motile?

Yes - via pertrichous flagella

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Does E. coli ferment lactose?

Yes

so is pink/red on MacConkey agar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

MacConkey agar inhibits the growth of this type of bacteria

Gram positive

so only gram negative bacteria grow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

MacConkey differentiates bacteria based on their ability to do this

Ferment lactose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What color is E. coli on MacConkey agar?

Pink or red since it ferments lactose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar inhibits the growth of this type of bacteria

Gram positive

so only gram negatives grow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar differentiates bacteria based on their ability to do this

Ferment lactose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What color is E. coli on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar?

Metallic sheen

since it is lactose fermenting

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What color is Salmonella on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar?

Colorless

since it is not lactose fermenting

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What color is Shigella on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar?

Colorless

since it is not lactose fermenting

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Does Vibrio or E. coli cause major outbreaks?

Vibrio

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is Vibrio cholerae motile?

Yes - via polar flagella

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is E. coli oxidase positive or negative?

Negative

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is E. coli catalase positive or negative?

Positive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is Vibrio cholerae oxidase positive or negative?

Positive

(contrast to E. coli, which is oxidase negative)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This agar is used to isolate and differentiate Vibrio species
Based on ability to ferment sucrose

Thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose (TCBS) agar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This bacteria is gram negative curved rods, with polar flagella and oxidase positive

Vibrio cholerae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose (TCBS) agar is used to isolate and differentiate species of this

Vibrio

Thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose (TCBS) agar differentiates different Vibrio species based on their ability to do this

Ferment sucrose

What color are Vibrio cholerae colonies on Thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose (TCBS) agar?

Yellow since it ferments sucrose

What color are Vibrio alginolyticus colonies on Thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose (TCBS) agar?

Yellow since it ferments sucrose

What color are Vibrio parahaemolyticus colonies on Thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose (TCBS) agar?

Green with a blue center since it does not ferment sucrose

This is a live attenuated oral cholera vaccine

Vaxchora

E. coli enterotoxigenic (ETEC) toxins are plasmid or phage encoded?

Plasmid

Are Vibrio cholerae toxins plasmid or phage encoded?

Phage

How does the E. coli enterotoxigenic (ETEC) heat-labile AB5 toxin cause diarrhea?

Activates adenylate cyclase

E. coli enterotoxigenic (ETEC) heat-labile AB5 toxin leads to constitutive activation of this enzyme

Adenylate cyclase (leads to diarrhea)

Cholera toxin (CTX) is an AB5 toxin that leads to constitutive activation of this enzyme

Adenylate cyclase Opens chloride channels → massive reflux of Cl- into intestinal lumen Water follows Cl-, leading to loss of fluids and electrolytes causing diarrhea

Cholera toxin (CTX) interferes with these elements which comprise tight junctions and cell polarity, further increasing permeability and fluid loss

Cytoskeletal elements (microtubules and actin)

Cholera toxin (CTX) stimulates release of this by the enteric nervous system, resulting in increased gut motility and stimulating fluid secretion

Serotonin

The toxin of this species activates adenylate cyclase, interferes with cytoskeletal elements, and stimulates release of serotonin Results in fluid and electrolyte loss

Vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin CTX)

Does the E. coli enterotoxigenic (ETEC) heat-stable or heat-labile toxin activate adenylate cyclase?

Heat-labile

Does the E. coli enterotoxigenic (ETEC) heat-stable or heat-labile toxin activate guanylate cyclase?

Heat-stable

The E. coli enterotoxigenic (ETEC) heat-stable toxin results in constitutive activation of this enzyme, leading to secretory diarrhea

Guanylate cyclase

Are there outbreaks of E. coli enterotoxigenic (ETEC)?

No no person to person spread major cause of traveler's diarrhea

"Rice water stool" describes secretory diarrhea that occurs in infection with this bacteria

Vibrio cholerae

Are antibiotics recommended for E. coli enterotoxigenic (ETEC)?

Are antibiotics recommended for Vibrio cholerae?

Tetracyclines (doxycycline) Azithromycin is the current preferred antibiotic for children or pregnant women Remember that rehydration is the most critical aspect though, before antibiotics

This antibiotic is the current preferred antibiotic for children or pregnant women with cholera

Azithromycin

This Vibrio species that causes secretory diarrhea has Kanagawa hemolysin (enterotoxin that induces Cl- secretion) Self limited disease

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

The characteristic pathologic lesion of this bacteria is "attachment and effacement" which disrupts villi in the small intestine

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

This bacteria species has Tir and intimin effectors, which are injected into host cells by a Type III secretion system Tir binds intimin and recruits host cytoskeletal components to form actin-rich pedestals beneath the bacteria

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

This bacteria species adheres to the intestinal lining, forming a “stacked brick” pattern on epithelial cells

Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)

Is Listeria monocytogenes catalase positive or negative?

Positive

Is Listeria monocytogenes oxidase positive or negative?

Negative

What type of hemolysis is done by Listeria monocytogenes?

Beta hemolysis

Is Listeria monocytogenes sporulating?

Outbreaks of this bacteria have resulted from contaminated food such as coleslaw, unpasteurized milk, pork tongue in jelly, soft cheese, hot dogs, cantaloupe

Listeria monocytogenes

This bacteria is a foodborne pathogen that can grow in the refrigerator Can cause febrile gastroenteritis

Listeria monocytogenes

This bacteria can cause foodborne noninvasive disease in healthy individuals but it requires a large inoculum

Listeria monocytogenes

Is Shigella species gram positive or negative?

Negative

Is Shigella species lactose fermenting?

Is Shigella species motile?

does Shigella species produce H2S?

Does E. coli or Shigella have a flagella?

E. coli

Does E. coli or Shigella ferment lactose?

E. coli

This is the most common species of Shigella in the US, and is the least virulent

Shigella sonnei

This species of Shigella is rare in the US but is the most virulent

S. dysenteriae

Bacteria of this species are translocated through intestinal M cells, enter macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells

Shigella

This species is one of the few Enterobacterales that are nonmotile, so they use a mechanism similar to Listeria to move within and between host cells

Shigella

This toxin is an A-B toxin that is responsible for Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) Toxin enters the bloodstream, and may cause anemia and kidney failure; often fatal

Shiga toxin

Toxin of this bacterial species may enter the bloodstream and cause anemia

Shiga toxin causes Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

Outbreaks of this bacterial species are more often associated with cool, moist foods, such as potato and egg salads, that require much handling after cooking Outbreaks have been caused by fresh produce, including raw vegetables at a salad bar, parsley, and lettuce

Shigella

What color is Shigella species on XLD (xylose lysine deoxycholate) agar?

Red/pink-red colonies

What color is Salmonella on XLD (xylose lysine deoxycholate) agar?

Red/pink-red colonies with black centers

Do Shigella or Salmonella produce red/pink-red colonies with black centers on XLD (xylose lysine deoxycholate) agar?

Salmonella (Shigella are just red/pink-red colonies)

Most common disease-causing E. coli species in developed countries

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)

This is the most common Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strain in the US

O157:H7

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) targets this organ

Large intestine

This E. coli species can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)

Is Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) or Shigella more likely to cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?

STEC

Shiga toxin recognizes receptor in this organ, which causes hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), especially in children

Kidney

The triad of manifestations from this toxin is: Acute renal failure Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Thrombocytopenia

Shiga toxin

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) tend to be common sources of outbreaks, particularly with consumption of this

Undercooked ground beef

This E. coli species tends to be common source of outbreaks, specially through consumption of undercooked ground beef

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)

Are antibiotics used to treat Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)?

No, supportive only Antibiotics are generally contraindicated Avoid antiperistaltic drugs

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) can be distinguished from most commensal strains by its inability to do this

Ferment sorbitol will show small white/colorless colonies on sorbitol-MacConkey agar

This E. coli species will grow small white/colorless colonies on sorbitol-MacConkey agar

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) because it does not ferment sorbitol

Is Salmonella enterica gram positive or negative?

Negative

Is Salmonella enterica motile?

Yes

Is Salmonella enterica lactose fermenting?

Does Salmonella enterica produce H2S?

Yes

Most Salmonella serotypes cause GI infections, but these two cause enteric fevers

Typhi and Paratyphi

Bacteria of this species force their own uptake Most of this is done by remodeling the host cell cytoskeleton – “membrane ruffling” Mediated by type III secretion system

Salmonella enterica

Do Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 or -2 effectors mediate host cell adherence, invasion, and contribute to diarrhea?

SPI-1

Do Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 or -2 effectors control replication within bacterially-altered endosomes in macrophages and epithelial cells?

SPI-2

Salmonella of these two serotypes stimulate less inflammation in the intestine, allowing escape into the bloodstream to infect internal organs (liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)

Typhi and Paratyphi

Does this describe Salmonella Typhi or Nontyphoid strains: Symptoms arise 6-48 hours after consumption of contaminated food

Nontyphoid (typhi occurs 10-14 days after)

Does this describe Salmonella Typhi or Nontyphoid strains: Symptoms arise 10-14 days after consumption of contaminated food

Typhi and Paratyphi (nontyphoidal occurs 6-48 hours after)

With this bacteria, symptoms arise 10-14 days after consumption, including gradually increasing fever and rose spots on the abdomen Reinfection of the intestine via the Peyer’s patches leads to severe diarrhea, sometimes intestinal perforation and peritonitis

Salmonella - Typhi and Paratyphi serotypes

This bacterial species will grow red/pink colonies with black centers on XLD agar

Salmonella

Pet animals can also carry GI serotypes of this species (turtles, lizards, snakes); most commonly in contaminated foods though (dairy, poultry, eggs)

Salmonella

Pet turtles, lizards, and snakes can carry this bacterial species

Salmonella

Antibiotics are not recommended for uncomplicated gastroenteritis from Salmonella But antibiotics of choice are these 2:

Ciprofloxacin or Levofloxacin

Is Yersinia enterocolitica gram positive or negative?

Negative

Is Yersinia enterocolitica oxidase positive or negative?

Negative

Is Yersinia enterocolitica H2S producing?

Is Yersinia enterocolitica lactose-fermenting?

Involvement of mesenteric lymph nodes may occur in infection with this bacteria, and can present as pseudoappendicitis

Yersinia enterocolitica

This member of Enterobacterales may cause disseminated abscesses in the liver and spleen, or an inflammatory colitis

Yersinia enterocolitica

Is Campylobacter jejuni gram positive or negative?

Negative

This bacteria is curved to spiral shaped rod with polar flagella C- shaped, S-shaped, or gull-wing shaped

Campylobacter jejuni

Is Campylobacter jejuni oxidase positive or negative?

Positive

Is Campylobacter jejuni catalase positive or negative?

Positive

Is Campylobacter jejuni lactose fermenting?

This bacteria is microaerophilic and grows on blood or charcoal containing medium

Campylobacter jejuni

Does Campylobacter jejuni have specific oxygen requirements?

Is microaerophilic - requires low O2 and high CO2

This bacteria can invade tissue and cells causing cell death Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) causes G2 cycle arrest and apoptosis GI infection results in inflammatory diagnosis

Campylobacter jejuni

This is a rare post-infectious neurologic disorder, possibly due to cross reactivity between outer membrane antigens and peripheral nerve cells Occurs with Campylobacter jejuni

Guillain-Barre syndrome

This is the leading bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the US Found in poultry and other animal foods

Campylobacter jejuni

Is Clostridium difficile gram positive or negative?

Positive

Are the major virulence determinants of Clostridium difficile exo- or endotoxins?

Exotoxins

TcdA and TcdB are glucosyl transferases of this bacteria, that covalently modify the small GTP-binding protein Rho, leading to cytoskeleton disruption, breakdown of tight junctions, and necrosis of the intestinal epithelium mucosa

Clostridium difficile

Clostridium difficile has the glucosyl transferases TcdA and TcdB, which covalently modify this protein

Rho leads to cytoskeleton disruption, breakdown of tight junctions, and necrosis of the intestinal epithelium mucosa

Clostridium difficile has binary toxins CdtA and CdtB, which are ADP-ribosyl transferases that target this host cell protein

Actin leads to host cell death

Clostridium difficile resistance to this antibiotic is increasing

Fluoroquinolones

This bacteria causes bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and pseudomembranous colitis

Clostridium difficile

This condition is severe colon inflammation marked by pseudomembranes (thick, scab-like patches on the colon lining)

Pseudomembranous colitis often caused by Clostridium difficile

Treatments for C. diff antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous enterocolitis include these 2 antibiotics

Metronidazole and Vancomycin

Is Tropheryma whippelii gram positive or negative?

Positive

This is the causative agent of Whipple disease Arthralgia, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, fever, increased skin pigmentation

Tropheryma whippelii

Diagnosis of this bacterial infection is by observation of a large number of foamy macrophages in the lamina propria of the small intestine, often containing PAS-positive inclusions

Tropheryma whippelii

Tropheryma whippelii will show a large number of this type of cell in the lamina propria of the small intestine, with PAS-positive inclusions

Foamy macrophages

What is the treatment for Tropheryma whippelii?

Doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine for 12 months, followed by doxycycline long term

Is Staph aureus catalase positive or negative?

Positive

Enterotoxins of this bacteria are produced in food left in warm environments, or even room temp for prolonged periods Outbreaks associated with food of high protein content (ham, poultry, potato and egg salads) and cream-filled pastries

Staph aureus

Rapid onset (3-6 hours), vomiting, and absence of fever are prominent symptoms useful in diagnosis of food poisoning caused by this bacteria Resolves in ~24 hours

Staph aureus

Does food poisoning caused by Staph aureus involve fever?

This bacteria that can cause food poisoning has a heat-stable emetic toxin and a heat-labile enterotoxin that causes diarrhea

Bacillus cereus

Is the emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus heat-stable or heat-labile?

Heat-stable

Is the diarrhea causing enterotoxin of Bacillus cereus heat-stable or heat-labile?

Heat-labile

The heat-labile enterotoxin of Bacillus cereus stimulates this enzyme

Adenylate cyclase (similar to heat-labile enterotoxins of Vibrio and E. coli)

This bacteria that can cause food poisoning has a heat-stable emetic toxin and a heat-labile diarrhea-causing enterotoxin

Bacillus cereus

This enterotoxin of Bacillus cereus is associated with rice that is kept at room temp overnight and reheated the next day (e.g. fried rice)

Emetic toxin

This bacteria has a toxin that is worsened when rice is kept at room temp overnight and reheated the next day (e.g. fried rice)

Bacillus cereus

A patient who is sick after eating fried rice may have food poisoning from this organism

Bacillus cereus

Food poisoning from this bacteria occurs under these two conditions: 1. Ingestion of very large numbers of vegetative bacteria (NOT spores) 2. Bacteria sporulate in food before it is eaten

Clostridium perfringens

When does Clostridium perfringens sporulate?

In self defense

This bacteria that can cause food poisoning sporulates in self defense

Clostridium perfringens

Toxin of this bacteria is produced only during sporulation (during self defense) and is tightly regulated

Clostridium perfringens

Outbreaks of food poisoning from this bacteria are usually associated with restaurants, food service, etc. where large amounts of food are prepared ahead of time

Clostridium perfringens

Disease with this bacteria is an intoxication, not an infection, so production of enough toxin to be effective requires a large dose of organisms Abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea, but usually no fever or vomiting; lasts 24-48 hours

Clostridium perfringens

Does food poisoning caused by Clostridium perfringens present with fever?

No; usually no fever or vomiting just abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea

Rotavirus has this type of genome

dsRNA

This virus causes human infantile gastroenteritis

Rotavirus

This is most important cause of severe infantile gastroenteritis (<2 yo) worldwide

Rotavirus

Rotavirus is the most important cause of this condition, worldwide

Severe infantile gastroenteritis (<2 yo)

What is the incubation period of rotavirus?

1-3 days

Rotavirus is in this viral family

Reovirus family

Norovirus is in this viral family

Calicivirus

Norovirus has this type of genome

+ssRNA

This is the target cell receptor of norovirus

ABO blood group carbohydrates

Outbreaks of this virus occur in cruise ships (also in hospitals and long term care centers)

Norovirus

Pathogenesis of this viral infection is that it damages transport mechanisms in the gut

Rotavirus

Pathogenesis of this virus is broadening and blunting of villi of the brush border with crypt cell hyperplasia and mononuclear cell infiltration

Norovirus

Astrovirus has this type of genome

+ssRNA

Target cell of this virus is villous epithelial cells and macrophages of the lamina propria of the small intestine

Astrovirus

Adenovirus has this type of genome

dsDNA

This virus is a common cause of gastroenteritis in infants and children Also common is upper respiratory tract disease; presents as mild pharyngitis

Adenovirus

This is the growing, feeding form of Entamoeba histolytica Replicate and produce local necrosis in the large intestine Ingestion of RBC Is killed by metronidazole

Trophozoite

This parasite will cause flask shaped ulcerations in the intestinal mucosa with inflammation, hemorrhage, and secondary bacterial infection Can spread to other organs, such as the liver (through bile ducts), causing abscesses

Entamoeba histolytica

This is a flagellated protozoan with two side-by-side nuclei, adhesive disc on undersurface

Giardia duodenalis

This form of Giardia duodenalis has thick protective chitin-like polysaccharide walls Survive stomach acid

Cysts

Infection with this protozoan will cause mild diarrhea to severe malabsorption syndrome Sudden onset, watery, foul smelling diarrhea Cramps, excessive flatulence, steatorrhea

Giardia duodenalis

This protozoan has worldwide distribution, and is maintained in wild animal reservoirs such as beavers Hikers drinking from streams are at risk

Giardia duodenalis

A hiker who drank water from a stream and now presents with sudden watery, foul smelling diarrhea, and excessive flatulence, may be infected with this microbe

Giardia duodenalis

This drug is the treatment for Giardia duodenalis

Metronidazole

Swine and monkeys are reservoirs of this ciliate Has funnel-like primitive mouth called cytostome Has large, kidney-shaped macronucleus and a smaller, rounded micronucleus

Balantidum coli

This is an apicocomplexan, that is particularly infectious in AIDS patients

Cryptosporidium parvum

Oocyst stage of this protozoan is an environmentally resistant acid-fast sphere with four sporozoites

Cryptosporidium parvum

Cryptosporidium parvum particularly affects patients with this condition

AIDS

Cryptosporidium parvum is this type of protozoan

Apicocomplexan

Most infected with Cryptosporidium parvum recover, but this drug is approved for treating immunocompromised

Nitazoxanide

This protozoan is resistant to chlorination, and there is increasing resistance of ozone

Cryptosporidium parvum

This protozoan has similar presentation to Cryptosporidium - watery diarrhea of varying severity Can acid fast stain

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Disease with this coccidian parasite most commonly mimics giardiasis, with a malabsorption syndrome characterized by loose, foul-smelling stools

Cystoisospora

This is the drug of choice for Cystoisospora

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Group of nucleated, single-celled obligate intracellular parasite Reclassified with fungi Causes chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients Treated with albendazole

Microsporidia

This pinworm has characteristic asymmetric eggs, which are laid in the perianal folds Can cause severe pruritus, lack of sleep, fatigue

Enterobius vermicularis

The scotch tape test (anal swab with a sticky surface to collect eggs) is used to identify this organism

Enterobius vermicularis

This is the drug of choice for Enterobius vermicularis

Albendazole or mebendazole

Enterobius vermicularis has characteristic eggs of this shape

Asymmetric

This test is used to identify Enterobius vermicularis

Scotch tape test Anal swab with a sticky surface to college asymmetric eggs

This is a giant roundworm Infection with many larvae produces pneumonitis (resembles asthma attack) Tangled bolus of adult worms can result in obstruction

Ascaris lumbricoides

Infection with many larvae of Ascaris lumbricoides produces this condition

Pneumonitis (resembles asthma attack)

Infection with many larvae of this organism produces pneumonitis, and resembles asthma attack

Ascaris lumbricoides

Tangled bolus of adult worms of this species can result in obstruction

Ascaris lumbricoides

This drug is the treatment for Ascaris lumbricoides

albendazole

This whipworm hatches in the small intestine and migrates to the cecum where they mature

Trichuris trichiura

This worm has barrel shaped eggs with polar plugs

Trichuris trichiura

Trichuris trichiura has eggs of this shape

Barrel shaped eggs with polar plugs

Many larvae of this organism result in abdominal pain and distention, bloody diarrhea, weakness and weight loss Prolapsed rectum due to irritation and straining during defecation Anemia and eosinophilia are seen in severe cases

Trichuris trichiura

Prolapsed rectum may occur in infection with this whipworm

Trichuris trichiura

Diagnosis of this organism is made by identifying bile-stained eggs with polar plugs in stool specimen

Trichuris trichiura

This drug is the treatment for Trichuris trichiura

Albendazole or mebendazole

These hookworms penetrate skin, enters circulation, carried to the lungs, coughed up and swallowed, develops into adult in the small intestine

Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator americanus

These hookworms suck blood from injured intestinal tissue Have chitinous teeth

Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator americanus

In infection with these hookworms, Rash at the site of entry can occur, and larvae in the lungs cause pneumonitis and eosinophilia Microcytic hypochromic anemia developed due to worms feeding on blood

Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator americanus

Diagnosis of these protozoans is made by identifying non-bile-stained eggs in stool specimen

Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator americanus

Does Trichuris trichiura or Ancylostoma duodenale & Necator americanus produce bile-stained eggs?

Trichuris trichiura

This drug is the treatment for Strongyloides stercoralis

Ivermectin

This protozoan presents with pneumonitis from migrating larvae Intestinal infection is usually asymptomatic Heavy worm burden can involve biliary and pancreatic ducts, all of the small and large intestine, causing inflammation and ulceration which presents with pain, vomiting, and diarrhea with malabsorption

Strongyloides stercoralis

Parasitic disease caused by anisakid nematodes that can invade the stomach wall or intestine

Anisakiasis

This condition is transmitted by ingestion of infective larvae from raw fish or squid

Anisakiasis (nematode)

Why can someone experience a tingling sensation while eating raw fish or squid?

Because there are anisakid nematodes moving

This drug is the treatment for Anisakiasis

Albendazole

This is the largest, most prevalent and important intestinal fluke Humans ingest encysted larvae by peeling husks from water vegetables with their teeth from aquatic vegetation

Fasciolopsis buski

Operculated eggs are characteristic of this intestinal fluke

Fasciolopsis buski

Eggs of Fasciolopsis buski are characteristic by this feature

Operculated eggs

In infection with this protozoan, stool reveals large, golden, bile stained eggs with an operculum

Fasciolopsis buski

This drug is the treatment for Fasciolopsis buski

Praziquantel

Do eggs of Fasciolopsis buski have an operculum?

Yes

Do eggs of blood flukes have an operculum?

These parasites penetrate skin, enter circulation and develop in the intrahepatic portal circulation or in the vesical, prostatic, rectal and uterine plexuses and veins

Blood flukes

These two blood flukes develop in mesenteric veins and produce intestina schistosomiasis

Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma japonicum

Schistosoma mansoni reside in this vessel

Inferior mesenteric vein (near the lower colon)

Eggs of this blood fluke are oval and possess a sharp lateral spine

Schistosoma mansoni

Chronic infection with this blood fluke leads to dramatic hepatosplenomegaly with large accumulations of ascetic fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Schistosoma mansoni

Eggs of this type of protozoan hatch upon contact with fresh water, and infect appropriate snail

Blood fluke

This is an oriental blood fluke

Schistosoma japonicum

Schistosoma japonicum resides in branches of this vessel

Superior mesenteric vein (around the small intestine) and in the inferior mesenteric veins

Eggs of this blood fluke are smaller, almost spherical with a tiny spine

Schistosoma japonicum

Symptoms of Schistosoma japonicum are the same as S. mansoni, except that it frequently involves structures of this type

Cerebral structures

This drug is the treatment for Schistosoma species

Praziquantel

Eggs from this blood fluke are produced in greater number than the other schistosomes and carried to more sites of the body leading to more severe infection

Schistosoma japonicum

This blood fluke occurs in Nile valley and other parts of Africa Reservoirs include monkeys and chimps

Schistosoma haematobium

This blood fluke develops in the liver, then migrates to the vesical, prostatic, and uterine plexuses of the venous circulation

Schistosoma haematobium

This blood fluke has large eggs with sharp terminal spine deposited in the walls of the bladder

Schistosoma haematobium

This blood fluke is unique in that it produces hematuria, dysuria, and urinary frequency

Schistosoma haematobium

This drug is the treatment for GI infections with Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

Praziquantel

Does Taenia solium or Taenia saginata have proglottids that are longer than they are wide?

Taenia saginata

Is Taenia solium or saginata a beef tapeworm? Found in undercooked beef

Taenia saginata

Taenia saginata is found in this type of undercooked food

Undercooked beef (is a beef tapeworm)

Adults of this tapeworm may parasitize the jejunum and small intestine for as long as 25 years, and grow up to 10 meters

Taenia saginata

This is one of the largest tapeworms, up to 30 feet Two intermediate hosts (freshwater crustaceans and freshwater fish)

Diphyllobothrium latum

Diphyllobothrium latum is found in this raw food

Raw fish (is a fish tapeworm)

This tapeworm has ribbon like larvae (sparganum) Ingestion of it in raw or insufficiently cooked fish initiates infection

Diphyllobothrium latum

Do eggs of Diphyllobothrium latum have an operculum?

Yes and a knob on the shell at the bottom of the egg

Most cases of Diphyllobothrium latum are asymptomatic, but many have low serum levels of this

Vitamin B12 may develop signs of megaloblastic anemia and neurologic manifestations

Either of these two drugs are the treatment for Diphyllobothrium latum

Niclosamide or Praziquantel

This is a dwarf tapeworm Common parasite of mice Most common tapeworm of North America Treatment is praziquantel

Hymenolepsis nana

This is a parasite of dogs and cats but can infect humans, especially children whose mouths are licked by infected pets

Dipylidium caninum

Dipylidium caninum is a parasite of these animals

Dogs and cats can infect children whose mouths are licked by infected pets

This is often called the "pumpkin seed tapeworm" due to the size and shape of the mature and terminal proglottids

Dipylidium caninum

Eggs of this parasite are distinctive, as they occur in packets covered with a tough, clear membrane

Dipylidium caninum

This drug is the treatment for Dipylidium caninum

Niclosamide (praziquantel is alternative)

Heavier worm burdens of this species produce abdominal discomfort, anal pruritus, and diarrhea Anal pruritus results from the active migration of the motile proglottid

Dipylidium caninum