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BNPH700 > GI Medications > Flashcards

GI Medications Flashcards

1
Q

What medication areas are included within the GI area?

A

STOMACH ACID CONTROLLING MEDICATIONS
ANTIEMETICS
LAXATIVES & ANTIDIARRHOEAL DRUGS

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2
Q

What are the 2 main types of medications used to control stomach acid?

A

Proton Pump Inhibitors
Antacids

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3
Q

Give an example of a proton pump inhibitor

A

Omeprazole

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4
Q

What suffix do proton pump inhibitors use?

A

“-prazole”

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5
Q

What is the indication of use for proton pump inhibitors?

A

Peptic ulcer disease, Gastritis, GORD (Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease) H.Pylori (Helicobacter pylori)

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6
Q

What is the MOA for proton pump inhibitors (Omeprazole)?

A

Bind irreversibly to the gastric proton pump in the parietal cells to prevent the release of gastric acid resulting in an increase in gastric pH

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7
Q

What are some adverse drug reactions associated with proton pump inhibitors?

A

Minor ADR’s of – GI upset, headache, dizziness, skin rash

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8
Q

What are some cautions/contraindications associated with proton pump inhibitors?

A

Caution with concurrent administration of with diazepam, phenytoin, warfarin

Can decrease absorption of medications that require an acid environment

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9
Q

What patient education would you provide the patient on proton pump inhibitors (Omeprazole) ?

A

Do not open, crush or chew the capsules

Not for long term use

Should follow guidelines for step down therapy and not stop abruptly as can cause rebound acidity

Administer once-daily dose 1 hour before meals, preferably in the morning.

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10
Q

What is GORD (Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease)?

A

Acid from the stomach leaks up into the oesophagus (gullet). Usually caused by the ring of muscle at the bottom of the oesophagus becoming weakened. Normally, this ring of muscle opens to let food into your stomach and closes to stop stomach acid leaking back up into your oesophagus. But for people with GORD, stomach acid is able to pass back up into the oesophagus.

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11
Q

What are some symptoms of GORD?

A

Symptoms include:
- Heartburn (an uncomfortable burning sensation in the chest that often occurs after eating)

Acid reflux (where stomach acid comes back up into your mouth and causes an unpleasant, sour taste)
A sore, inflamed oesophagus
Bad breath
Bloating and belching
Nausea

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12
Q

What are 3 classes of antiemetics and give an example for each

A

Serotonin Antagonist - Ondansetron

Dopamine Antagonist - Metoclopramide

H1 receptor antagonist (antihistamine) – Cyclizine

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13
Q

What is the indication of use for Ondansteron?

A

Chemotherapy induced nausea & vomiting
Post op nausea & vomiting

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14
Q

What is the MOA for Ondansteron?

A

Binds to 5HT receptors in the GI tract, CTZ & vomiting centre
Inhibits stimulation of these receptors therefore preventing the vomiting reflex

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15
Q

What are some adverse drug reactions associated with Ondansetron?

A

Constipation, headache, anxiety, dizziness

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16
Q

What are some drug interactions and cautions associated with Ondansetron?

A

Tramadol – opposing effects of both ondansetron & tramadol, the analgesic effect is lessened.

Caution with opioids due to the increased risk of constipation with both opioids & ondansetron

Caution with other CNS depressants e.g. benzodiazepines, opioids & some antipsychotics = increased risk of serotonin syndrome

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17
Q

What patient education would you provide to someone who is taking ondansetron?

A

Inform ADRs & advise patients to notify DR immediately if irregular heartbeat or involuntary movement of eyes, face, or limbs occur.
Avoid driving or other activities requiring alertness if experiencing drowsiness/dizziness

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18
Q

What is the site of action of antiemetic drugs on the CTZ (chemoreceptor trigger zone)?

A

Dopamine & serotonin receptors.
Receptor antagonists include:
** Serotonin – Ondansetron.
**Dopamine – Metoclopramide

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19
Q

What is the site of action of antiemetic drugs on the Vestibular Apparatus?

A

Cholinergic muscarinic receptors
Anticholinergic e.g., Hyoscine
Antihistamines e.g., Cyclizine.

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20
Q

What is the site of action of antiemetic drugs within the Gastric area?

A

Dopamine & serotonin receptors.
Receptor antagonists include:
** Serotonin – Ondansetron.
** Dopamine – Metoclopramide.

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21
Q

What are the Neurotransmitters involved in the physiology of vomiting?

A

Histamine, Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Dopamine

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22
Q

What is involved in vomiting? Where is the vomiting centre located?

A

Vomiting involves sensory nerve cells (the chemoreceptor trigger zone) and the vomiting centre (medulla oblongata).
The vomiting centre receives input from the CTZ, the vestibular apparatus and higher brain centre organs e.g. heart, part of GIT

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23
Q

What is the indication of use for Metoclopramide?

A

Nausea and vomiting in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) or diabetic gastroparesis by increasing gastric motility. It is also used to control nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy patients.

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24
Q

What is the MOA for Metoclopramide?

A

Blocks D2 receptors in CTZ & vomiting centre thus reducing vomiting reflex

Enhances gastric motility resulting in accelerated gastric emptying

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25
Q

What are some adverse drug reactions associated with Metoclopramide?

A

Diarrhoea, drowsiness, restlessness, headaches, extrapyramidal effects (tardive dyskinesia / parkinsonian), hypotension

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26
Q

What are some cautions/contraindications associated with metoclopramide?

A

Cautions elderly (increased risk of tardive dyskinesia)

Young adults (15–19 years old) and children (increased risk of dystonic reactions)

Contraindicated with bowel obstruction and GI bleeding

Contraindicated for persons with Parkinson’s Disease (acute dystonic reactions )

27
Q

When can Metoclopramide be used for people under 20 years old?

A

.

28
Q

What patient education would you provide to someone on Metoclopramide?

A

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29
Q

What is the indicator of use for Cyclizine?

A

.

30
Q

What is the MOA for Cyclizine?

A

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31
Q

What are some Anticholinergic effects?

A

.

32
Q

What are some adverse drug reactions associated with Cyclizine?

A

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33
Q

What are some Contraindications of Cyclizine?

A

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34
Q

What patient information would you provide to someone on Cyclizine?

A

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35
Q

How many different classes of laxatives are there?

A

.

36
Q

What are some examples of Bulk-forming laxatives?

A

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37
Q

What is the indication of use for Bulk-forming laxatives?

A

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38
Q

What is the MOA for Bulk-forming laxatives?

A

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39
Q

What are some adverse drug reactions associated with Bulk-forming laxatives?

A

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40
Q

Why are bulk-forming laxatives the least harmful?

A

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41
Q

What patient education would you provide to someone on bulk-forming laxatives?

A

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42
Q

What are some contraindication for bulk-forming laxatives?

A

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43
Q

What are some examples of Stool/faecal softeners?

A

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44
Q

What is the indication of use for Stool/Faecal softeners?

A

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45
Q

What is the MOA for stool/faecal softeners?

A

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46
Q

What are some adverse drug reactions associated with stool/faecal softeners?

A

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47
Q

What patient education would you provide to someone on stool/faecal softeners?

A

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48
Q

What are some contraindications associated with stool/faecal softeners?

A

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49
Q

What are some examples of Stimulant laxatives?

A

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50
Q

What is the indication of use for Stimulant laxatives?

A

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51
Q

What is the MOA for stimulant laxatives?

A

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52
Q

What are some adverse drug reactions associated with stimulant laxatives?

A

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53
Q

What patient education would you provide to someone on stimulant laxatives?

A

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54
Q

What contraindications are associated with stimulant laxatives?

A

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55
Q

What are some examples of Osmotic laxatives?

A

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56
Q

What is the indication of use for Osmotic Laxatives?

A

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57
Q

What is the MOA for Osmotic Laxatives?

A

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58
Q

What are some adverse drug reactions associated with Osmotic Laxatives?

A

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59
Q

What patient education would you provide for someone on osmotic laxatives?

A

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60
Q

What are some contraindications associated with osmotic laxatives?

A

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61
Q

Why should Bisacodyl (Stimulant laxatives) not be crushed or chewed?

A

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62
Q

What are the names of the cells that secrete HCL into the stomach?

A

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63
Q

What are the protective mechanisms that protect the lining of the stomach from HCL?

A

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BNPH700 (9 decks)

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