Antimicrobial Therapy Flashcards
What is the most important thing to tell the patient regarding antibiotics?
complete entire antibiotic course to prevent antibiotic resistance
What is Antibiotic Therapy?
antibiotic are chemicals used to kill or suppress growth of microorganism causing infection
Define Empiric therapy
treatment of an infection before specific culture information has been reported or obtained
Define Prophylactic therapy
treatment with antibiotics to prevent an infection, as in intra-abdominal surgery
What are super infections?
secondary opportunistic infections – infection occurring during Antibiotic therapy, Antibiotic destroy normal flora leading to an overgrowth of microorganism resistant to antibiotic.
An infection occurring during an antimicrobial treatment for another infection, resulting in overgrowth of a nonsusceptible organism.
For example: Candidiasis, oral thrush, clostridium difficile
Define inflammation
A protective reaction of body tissues in response to invasion from pathogenic microbes or their toxins.
What is Bacteraemia?
Presence of viable bacteria in the circulation.
What is Septicaemia?
Systemic infection caused by micro-organism multiplication in the circulation
Define Narrow Spectrum
the drug is active against a selected group of bacteria
Define Broad Spectrum
The drug has a range of activity against gram-negative and positive bacteria
What is Bacteriostatic?
Inhibition of bacterial growth, allowing host defence mechanisms additional time to remove the invading microorganisms. (slows bacterial growth)
What is Bactericidal?
Causing bacterial cell death and lysis. (kills bacteria)
Define antibiotic resistance
overtime bacteria have developed highly sophisticated ways to overcome the effects of antibiotic therapy (one of the greatest threats to human health)
What are some classes of antibiotics?
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Aminoglycosides
What is an example of penicillin antibiotics?
Amoxicillin
What is the indication for use as well as MOA for penicillin?
inhibit cell wall synthesis by disrupting the rigid cross-linked structure, causing cell lysis and death. It is bactericidal.
Broad-spectrum antibiotic used for treating bacterial infections
What are some adverse drug reactions associated with penicillin?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain,
Candidiasis
Allergic reactions
remember to check the history was it ADR related or a true allergic reaction
What are some interactions and contraindications associated with penicillin?
Previously it decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives
Incompatible with aminoglycosides
Anticoagulants ↑- risk of bleeding
Probenecid - ↓ renal secretion of penicillin’s which increases the half life
The effectiveness of oral penicillin can be decreased when taken with caffeine, citrus fruit, cola beverages, fruit juices, or tomato juice
What are the monitoring requirements associated with penicillin?
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What patient education is required for penicillin?
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What are some examples of Cephalosporins?
Cephazolin, Cefaclor, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, ceftazidime
What is the indication of use for Cephalosporins?
.
What is the MOA for cephalosporins?
Structurally similar to penicillin - inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal) action
Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by disrupting the rigid cross-link structure causing lysis and cell death. Also called “beta-lactams”
What are some adverse drug reactions to Cephalosporins?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain,
Candidiasis
Allergic reactions
remember to check the history was it ADR related or a true allergic reaction
When would you not give Cephalosporins?
Pts with an allergy to Penicillins may have an allergy to Cephalosporins
What are some examples of Aminoglycosides?
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What is the indication of use for Aminoglycosides?
.
What is the MOA of Aminoglycosides?
.
What are some adverse drug reactions associated with Aminoglycosides?
.
What are some monitoring requirements of Aminoglycosides?
.
What patient education would you provide for Aminoglycosides?
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Discuss the nursing role in supporting the patient/client taking antibiotic therapy
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What organisms are penicillins most effective against?
.
List two antiviral drugs used to treat influenza in NZ
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What are Antiviral drugs?
Antivirals are drugs that can treat people who have already been infected by a virus.
They can also be used to prevent or limit infection when given before or shortly after exposure, before illness occurs
Prevention is better than cure – vaccinate where possible
What Viruses are limited by antiviral therapy?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Hepatitis viruses
Herpes viruses
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Influenza viruses (the “flu”)
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
What are the 5 principles of prescribing antibiotics?
In most cases only prescribe antibiotics for bacterial infections if:
Symptoms are significant of severe
There is a high risk of complications
The infection is not resolving / unlikely to resolve
Use first line antibiotics at recommended dose & duration
Reserve broad spectrum antibiotics for indicated conditions only
Need to prioritise antibiotic resistance over convenience and patient preference
Education patients about responsible antibiotic use
