Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

micro pharm > GI infections > Flashcards

GI infections Flashcards

1
Q

Diarrhea associated with poultry

A

Salmonella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most common cause of diarrhea, associated with GBS

A

Campylobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Diarrhea associated with HUS

A

E.Coli 0157:H7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Second most common association with HUS

A

Shigella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diarrhea associated with shellfish and cruise ships

A

Vibrio parhaemolyticus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diarrhea associated with shellfish, history of liver disease, skin lesions

A

Vibrio vulnificus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Diarrhea associated with hemochromatosis, blood transfusions, secondary to a high affinity for iron

A

Yersinia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diarrhea associated with white and red cells in the stool

A

Clostridium difficile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ddx if no blood or WBCs in stool

A

Viral
Giardia: camping/hiking and unfiltered fresh water
Cryptosporidiosis: AIDS with less than 100 CD4 cells; detect with modified acid fast stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diarrhea and vomiting

A

Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Scombroid

A

Most rapid onset, wheezing, flushing, rash, found in fish, treat with antihistamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tx for mild diarrhea

A

Oral fluid replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tx for severe diarrhea

A

fluid replacement and oral antibiotics such as cipro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

symptoms of severe infectious diarrhea

A

Hypotension, tachycardia, fever, abd pain, bloody diarrhea, metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tx for Giardia

A

Metronidazole, tinidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tx for Cryptosporidiosis

A

Treat underlying AIDS, nitazoxanide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tx for viral diarrhea

A

fluid support as needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tx for B. Cereus, Staphylococcus diarrhea

A

Fluid support as needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

acute hepatitis is most commonly caused by

A

Hep A or B. Hep C rarely presents with an acute infection. Acute Hep D exclusively presents with acute hepB

20
Q

HepE is most dangerous in

A

pregnancy

21
Q

Parenteral hep (sex, blood, perinatal)

A

Hep B,C,D

22
Q

Enteric hep (food and water)

A

Hep A and E

23
Q

All forms of acute hepatitis present with

A

Jaundice, fever, fatigue, weight loss, dark urine, hepatosplenomegaly, nausea, vomiting, abd pain

24
Q

Hep diagnostic tests

A

increased direct bilirubin, increased ratio of ALT to AST, increased alkaline phosphatase. Aplastic anemia is a rare complication of acute hepatitis

25
Q

Which of the following correlates the best with an increased likelihood of mortality

a. bilirubin
b. PT
c. ALT
d. AST
e. alk phos

A

B. all may be markedly elevated but only PT is associated with fulminant hepatic failure and death

26
Q

Best diagnostic test for hep A, C, D, E

A

IgM antibody for acute infection, IgG to detect resolution of infection. Disease activity of hep C is assessed with PCR for RNA level, which tells the amount of active viral replication. Hep C PCR levels are the first thing to change as an indication of improvement with treatment and are the best correlate of treatment failure if they rise

27
Q 
Hep B
\+Surface antigen
\+e-antigen
\+IgM or IgG
- surface antibody
A

acute or chronic infection

28
Q 
Hep B
- Surface antigen
- e-antigen
\+ IgG
\+ surface antibody
A

Resolved, old, past infection

29
Q 
Hep B
-Surface antigen
- e-antigen
- IgM or IgG
\+ surface antibody
A

Vaccination

30
Q 
Hep B
- Surface antigen
- e-antigen
\+IgM then IgG
- surface antibody
A

“window period”

31
Q

Which of the following will become abnormal first after acquiring hep B infection?

a. bilirubin
b. e-antigen
c. surface antigen
d. core IgM antibody
e. ALT
f. anti-hep B e-antibody

A

C. surface antigen is a measure of actual viral particles. Bilirubin, ALT, and antibody production are a measure of the body’s response to the infection.

32
Q

Which of the following is the most direct correlate with the amount, or quantity, of active viral replication?

a. bilirubin
b. e-antigen
c. surface antigen
d. core IgM antibody
e. ALT
f. anti-hepatitis B e-antibody

A

B. Although surface antigen is a measure of whether there is any viral replication or infection at all, surface antigen does not tell quantity. Hep B e-antigen is directly correlated with the degree of DNApolymerase. E-antigen is present only when there is a high level of DNA polymerase activity.

33
Q

Which of the following indicates that a patient is no longer a risk for transmitting infection to another person (active infection has resolved)?

a. bilirubin normalizes
b. no e-antigen
c. no surface antigen
d. no core IgM antibody found
e. ALT normalizes
f. anti-hep B e-antibody

A

C. As long as surface antigen is present, there is still some viral replication potentially occurring. Even if surface antibody was one of the choices, the correct answer would still be surface antigen. Transmissibility ceases when DNA polymerase ceases, not when surface antibody appears. Jaundice and elevated ALT will all normalize long before viral replication stops. You can definitely have viral replication, elevated DNA polymerase, and positive surface antigen with a normal ALT.
Hep B e-antibody will appear prior to resolution of all DNA polymerase activity. It is an indication that the acute infection is moving toward resolution, but it does not conclusively prove resolution has occurred.

34
Q

Which of the following is the best indication of the need for treatment with antiviral mediations in chronic disease?

a. bilirubin
b. e-antigen
c. surface antigen
d. core IgM antibody
e. ALT
f. anti-hep B e-antibody

A

B. The person most likely to benefit from antiviral mediation is the one with the greatest degree of active viral replication. Hep B e-antigen is the strongest indicator of active viral replication. Although surface antigen means there is at least some active disease, it might be on the way to spontaneous resolution and would not benefit. Everyone with e-antigen also has surface antigen. The person with the worst disease (highest DNA polymerase) will benefit the most from treatment.

35
Q

Which of the following is the best indicator that a pregnant woman will transmit infection to her child?

a. bilirubin
b. e-antigen
c. surface antigen
d. core IgM antibody
e. ALT
f. anti-hepatitis B, e-antibody

A

b. e-antigen or DNA polymerase are both correct. e-antigen is qualitative and DNA polymerase is quantitative. If a woman is positive for suface antigen but negative e antigen only 10% perinatal transmission. If both are positive 90% perinatal transmission.

36
Q

Acute hep A and B tx

A

none, spontaneous resolution. Acute hep B becomes chronic in 10% of cases and no tx is effective

37
Q

Acute hep C tx

A

Rarely presents in acute phase. Tx with interferon and ribavirin to decrease the likeliness of developing a chronic infection

38
Q

Definition of chronic hep B

A

persistence of surface antigen for more than 6m.

39
Q

If patients are positive for hep B e-antigen with an elevated level of DNA polymerase treatment is

A

entecavir, adefovir, lamivudine, telbivudine, interferon, or tenofovir. Interferon is an injection and has the most adverse effects.

40
Q

Adverse effects of itnerferon

A

arthralgia/myalgia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, depression and flu-like symptoms

41
Q

The goal of chronic hepatitis therapy is

A

reduce DNA polymerase to undetectable levels and convert those patients with e-antigen to having anti-hepatitis e-antibody

42
Q

The presence of fibrosis on biopsy is a strong indication in hep B or C to

A

begin therapy right away. If there is active viral replication, fibrosis will progress to cirrhosis which is irreversible.

43
Q

Is ALT level a good indication of the activity of chronic hepatitis?

A

No, you can have significant infection with a normal transaminase level

44
Q

When should patients be treated for hep C

A

When the PCR-RNA viral load is elevated. Most patients do not have acute symptoms. Tx is more urgent if fibrosis is found on liver biopsy.

45
Q

Tx for hep C

A

interferon and ribavirin

46
Q

Goal of hep C therapy

A

To achieve and undetectable viral load

micro pharm (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions