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FHB Exam 3 > GI: Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

GI: Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises the GI tract?

A
  • alimentary tract

- accessory glands

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2
Q

List the main functions of the GI tract.

A
  • motility
  • secretion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • excretion
  • immunological functions
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3
Q

Describe the motility function of the GI tract. What are the outcomes?

A
  • smooth muscle contractions of the GI tract propel food through the tract
  • reduces food particle sizes => increased surface area for chemical enzymatic digestion
  • mixes foods with enzymes
  • rate of motility is optimized for digestion and absorption
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4
Q

Describe the secretion function of the GI tract.

A

GI tract and glands release enzymes, mucus, water, and ions to aid in digestion and absorption

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5
Q

Describe the digestion function of the GI tract.

A

Since macromolecules can’t be absorbed, the GI tract breaks them down into smaller molecules (carbs, amino acids, lipids)

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6
Q

Describe the absorption function of the GI tract.

A 
absorbed particles = nutrients, electrolytes, water
function = energy, catabolism, reactions, metabolism
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7
Q

What does the GI tract excrete?

A
  • food waste

- liver waste

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8
Q

Describe the immunological functions of the GI tract.

A
  • largest immune system because constantly exposed to external environment
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9
Q

Track the segments of the GI tract.

A

mouth => pharynx => esophagus => stomach => duodenum => jejunum => ileum => colon => rectum => anus

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10
Q

List the accessory glandular organs.

A
  • salivary
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • endocrine cells
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11
Q

List the sphincters in order.

A
  • upper esophageal (between pharynx and esophagus)
  • lower esophageal (between esophagus and stomach)
  • pyloric (between stomach and duodenum)
  • sphincter of Oddi (connects liver/gallbladder, pancreas, and duodenum)
  • ileocecal
  • external and internal anal sphincters
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12
Q

How much of CO enters splanchnic circulation?

A

25%

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13
Q

List the major splanchnic arteries and what organs they supply.

A
  • celiac = stomach, liver, spleen
  • superior mesenteric = pancreas, small intestine, ascending/transverse colon
  • inferior mesenteric = descending colon
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14
Q

Describe portal circulation.

A

venous blood goes first to the liver via the portal vein and then to the heart via the hepatic vein => IVC

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15
Q

Describe lymphatic drainage

A
  • important for lipid soluble molecules that are too large for systemic circulation
  • enter the lymph vessels => thoracic duct => systemic
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16
Q

List the layers of the GI tract.

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
17
Q

List the layers of the mucosal lining.

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae
18
Q

Describe the following cells of the epithelial lining:

  • absortive enterocytes
  • enteroendocrine cells
  • gastric mucosal cells
  • mucin-producing cells
A
  • absorptive enterocytes - vital for digestion and absorption
  • enteroendocrine cells - regulation of GI tract via peptides and amines
  • gastric mucosal cells - produce protons
  • produce mucin
19
Q

Compare esophageal vs intestinal epithelium.

A
  • esophageal = no absorptive cells; peristalsis movement

- intestinal = villi and crypts for absorption

20
Q

Describe GI lining renewal.

A
  • proliferative stem cells reside in the crypts (bottom of villus)
  • they travel along the villus as they grow and mature
  • at the tip of the villus, they die and slough off after 3-5 days
21
Q

Describe the structure of a villus

A

crypts

microvilli brush border

22
Q

What happens if you have an impaired surface area of the villi?

A

malabsorption

ex: celiac’s disease

23
Q

Describe the lamina propria.

A
  • just below epithelium
  • rich in connective tissue
  • contains glands: nerves, vessels, lymph
24
Q

Describe the muscular mucosae.

A
  • below the lamina propria

- contraction aids in movement

25
Q

Describe the submucosal layer.

A
  • rich in connective tissue
  • rich in nerves, lymph, and blood vessels
  • contains Meissner’s/submucosal nerve plexus = enteric nervous system.
26
Q

Describe the muscularis externa.

A

2 layers

  • inner circular
  • outer longitudinal
  • contains Auerbach’s/myenteric nerve plexus
27
Q

Describe the serosa layer.

A
  • lines and suspends the organs

- secretes fluid to reduce friction during contraction/relaxation.

28
Q

Describe the enteric nervous system

A
  • Meissner’s = submucosal

- Myenteric/Auerbach’s = muscularis externa

FHB Exam 3 (23 decks)

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