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History & Exam > GI Exam Signs > Flashcards

GI Exam Signs Flashcards

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1
Q

Dupuytren’s contracture

A

Genetics, excessive alcohol use, age(M) & DM

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2
Q

Palmar erythema

A

CLD
Pregnancy

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3
Q

Acanthosis nigricans

A

GI malignancy (stomach)
Insulin resistance (T2DM)

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4
Q

Aphthous ulceration

A

(Benign - Stress/mechanical trauma)

Crohn’s
Fe, B12 & Folate deficiency

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5
Q

Clubbing (loss of Schamroth’s window)

A

IBD
Coeliac
GI lymphoma

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6
Q

Asterixis

A

CO2 retention:
Uraemia 2ry to RF
Hepatic encephalopathy

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7
Q

Bruising

A

Clotting abnormalities (2ry to cirrhosis)

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8
Q

Excoriations

A

Pruritis (cholestasis)

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9
Q

Needle track marks

A

IVDU (Hep B&C)

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10
Q

Palmar pallor

A

Anaemia
(Malignancy, GI bleed, malnutrition)

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11
Q

Koilonychia

A

IDA
(malabsorption in Crohn’s)

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12
Q

Leukonychia

A

Hypoalbuminaemia
- end-stage LD
- protein-losing enteropathy

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13
Q

Cool hands

A

poor peripheral perfusion

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14
Q

Loss of axillary hair

A

IDA
Malnutrition

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15
Q

Conjunctival pallor

A

Anaemia

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16
Q

Scleral jaundice

A

Pre-hepatic - haemolysis
(SCD, hereditary spherocytosis, malignancy)
Hepatic - hepatocellular damage
(PHTN, hepatitis, cirrhosis)
Post-hepatic - obstructive
(BPH, gallstone disease)

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17
Q

Corneal arcus

A

Benign - older
<50: hypercholesterolaemia

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18
Q

Xanthelasma

A

Hypercolesterolaemia

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19
Q

Kayser-Fleischer rings

A

Wilson’s disease
(abnormal Cu processing, deposits in liver =Cirrhosis)

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20
Q

Perilimbal injection

A

Anterior uveitis (IBD)
- photophobia
- ocular pain
- reduced visual acuity

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21
Q

Angular stomatitis

A

Fe deficiency (GI malignancy, malabsorption)

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22
Q

Glossitis

A

Fe, B12 & Folate deficiency
(malabsorption - IBD)

23
Q

Oral candidiasis

A

(pseudomembranous white slough wiped to reveal erythematous mucosa)

Immunosuppression

24
Q

Hyperpigmented macules (black spots)

A

Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome (AD, polyps)

25
Q

Virchow’s node enlargement

A

Metastatic intra-abdominal malignancy (gastric cancer)

26
Q

R. Supraclavicular LN enlargement

A

Metastatic oesophageal/thoracic cancer

27
Q

Spider naevi (>5)

A

(distribution of subclavian veins)
Increased levels of circulating oestrogen:
- liver cirrhosis (>5)
- pregnancy
- COCP

28
Q

Gynaecomastia

A

Increased levels of circulating oestrogen:
- liver cirrhosis

Medications:
- digoxin
- spironolactone

29
Q

Chest hair loss (M)

A
  • increased oestrogen
  • malnourishment
30
Q

Abdominal scars

A

Kocher rooftop
Midline
Paramedian
Pararectal
Transverse
Pfannenstiel
Gridiron (LIF)
Lanz
Rutherford-morrison (RIF)

31
Q

Abdominal distension
(6 Fs)

A

Fat
Fluid (ascites)
Faeces
Flatus
Fetus
Fulminant mass

32
Q

Caput medusae

A

(engorged paraumbilical veins)

Portal HTN (cirrhosis)

33
Q

Striae

A
  • ascites
  • intra-abdominal malignancy
  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • obesity
  • pregnancy
34
Q

Hernias

A
  • umbilical hernia
  • incisional hernia
    (Inguinal in pelvic region)
35
Q

Cullen’s sign

A

(bruising around umbilicus)

Haemorrhagic pancreatitis

36
Q

Grey-Turner’s sign

A

(bruising of flanks)

Haemorrhagic pancreatitis

37
Q

Stoma

SSCC

A

S - Site (colostomy LIF; ileostomy & urostomy RIF)
S - Spout (colostomy no spout)
C - Contents (urine, stool)
C - Consistency (liquid, solid)

38
Q

Rebound tenderness

A

Peritonitis (sometimes)
- appendicitis

39
Q

Voluntary guarding vs Involuntary guarding/rigidity

A

Involuntary - peritonitis
- appendicitis
- diverticulitis

40
Q

Rosving’s sign

A

(LIF = pain RIF)
Peritoneal inflammation
- appendicitis (unreliable)

41
Q

Murphy’s sign

A

(catch breath on inhale when palpate on RHS)

Cholecystitis

42
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Causes:
- hepatitis
- HCC; mets; Leukaemia; Myeloma
- Wilson’s disease
- Haemochromatosis; haemolytic anaemia
- Glandular fever (mumps)
- 1ry Biliary Cirrhosis
- Tricuspid regurg

43
Q

Palpable GB

A

Biliary flow obstruction
- pancreatic malignancy
- gallstones
- cholesystitis

44
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Portal HTN (Cirrhosis)
Haemolytic anaemia
CHF
Splenic masses
Glandular fever (mumps)

45
Q

Ballotable kidneys

A

Bilaterally:
- polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
- amyloidosis

Unilaterally:
- renal tumour

46
Q

Pulsatile mass (midline)

A

AAA

47
Q

Distended bladder

A

Urinary obstruction
Urinary retention

48
Q

Shifting dullness

A

Ascites

49
Q

Tinkling bowel sounds

A

Bowel obstruction

50
Q

Absent bowel sounds (3 mins)

A

Ileus - malfunction of peristalsis
- electrolyte abnormalities
- recent surgery

51
Q

Aortic bruit

A

AAA

52
Q

Renal bruit

A

Renal artery stenosis

53
Q

Pitting oedema

A

Hypoalbuminaemia
- liver cirrhosis
- protein-losing enteropathy

History & Exam (8 decks)

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