GI Elimination Flashcards
elimination
excretion of waste products from kidneys and intestines
defecation
process of elimination of waste- fecal matter
feces
semisolid mass of fiber, undigested food, inorganic matter
incontinence
Inability to control urine or feces
void
to urinate
micturate
to urinate
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
hematuria
blood in urine
noncoturia
frequent night urination
polyuria
large amounts of urine
urinary frequency
voiding at frequent intervals
urinary urgency
the need to void at once
proteinuria
presence of large protein in urea
hesitancy
difficulty initiating urination
dribbling
leakage of urine despite voluntary control of urination
retention
accumulation of urine in bladder without the ability to completely empty
residual
urine remaining post void
more than 100mL
valsalva maneuver
increased pressure to strain abdominal muscles while maintaining a closed airway
factors affecting bowel elimination
developmental stage
patterns change throughout lifespan
babies/infants: do not realize signals
older: cognitive or neural changes
factors affecting bowel elimination
personal
privacy
fast paced jobs
factors affecting bowel elimination
sociocultural
stress
stress can cause =
primary risk factor in development of =
constipation and diarrhea
IBS
factors affecting bowel elimination
nutrition/hydration
regular intake of food promotes peristalsis
regular intake schedule
irregular schedule = irregularity
high fiber
fluid intake
factors affecting bowel elimination
activity
can stimulate peristalsis
sedentary people have weaker abdominal muscles
those who have limited activity usually experience constipation
factors affecting bowel elimination
medications
all oral medications have potential to affect GI
constipation, diarrhea
factors affecting bowel elimination
surgeries and procedures
bowel manipulation can lead to paralytic ileum
NGT on low or immediate suction
factors affecting bowel elimination
pregnancy
morning sickness
slowing of intestinal motility
risk of hemorrhoids
factors affecting bowel elimination
pathological conditions
neurological disorders that affects innervations of lower GI tract
cognitive conditions that limit the ability to sense “the urge”
pain or immobility that leads to sluggish peristalsis
planning outcomes/evaluation
for pt’s to have soft, formed, regular bowel movements
be free of n/v, bloating
promotion regular defecation
privacy
correct position
timing
fluid intake
proper diet
exercise
proper fluid intake
6-8 8 ounce glasses
proper diet
fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fiber
exercise
3-5 times a week
ROM for those on bedrest
positioning
encouraging exercise
severe constipation
separate hard lumps
mild constipation
lumpy and sausage like
ideal
sausage shape with cracks
or
smooth and soft sausage
lacking fiber
soft blobs with clear edges
mild diarrhea
mushy consistency
severe diarrhea
liquid consistency
the kidneys maintain fluid balance in the body by
regulating the amount of makeup of the fluids inside and around the cells
kidney’s role in fluid balance is partially controlled by
hormones
what are the 2 hormones involved inn fluid balance
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
aldosterone
ADH
produced by the pituitary gland
if ADH is high
causes more water to be ABSORBED creating a HIGH concentration but SMALL amount of urine
if ADH is low
causes more water to be EXCRETED creating a LARGE volume of urine
aldosterone
produced by adrenal gland
regulates water reabsorption and changes urine concentration by increasing sodium absorption
helps control secretion of K (potassium)
normal urinary patterns
kidneys produce about 50-60 mL per hour or 1500 mL per day
normal voiding is typically 5-6 times per day- depends on fluid intake
specific gravity
if urine solutes increase = specific gravity increases
normal specific gravity in urine = 1.002 to 1.003
fluid intake increase urine becomes more
diluted and lighter in color
fluid intake decrease urine becomes
darker and specific gravity rises
dark yellow urine
dehydration
red/pink urine
blood
brown urine
UTI
orange urine
medications
beta carotene
milky white urine
yeast infection
UTI
blue urine
methane blue
green urine
medication
purple urine
“purple bag syndrome”
colonized bacteria in urinary collection device
immediately remove and replace with new one
promoting normal urination
provide privacy
assist with positioning
facilitate toileting routines
promote adequate fluids and nutrition
assist with hygiene as needed
characteristics of urine
color, odor, clarity
urine testing
specimen collection
collection devices depend on how much help the patient needs
sterile collection process
collection from foley bag
Record ALL Fluids
Intake
semi liquid foods
ice chips
fluids
IV fluids
tube feeding
irrigations instilled and not immediately removed
Record ALL Fluids
Output
fluid loss via emesis
urine output
diarrhea
drainage form suction or wounds
Accuracy
teach patient and family members about I&O
use measured collection devices to accurate counts